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Respiration Flashcards

Test 3

1
Q

What is the respiration rate, in breaths per minute? Note that he has 5 breaths across 15 seconds.

15
20
25

A

20

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2
Q

What do you think happens to the levels of CO2 in exhaled air as breathing rate increases?

They decrease.
They do not change.
They increase.

A

they decrease

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3
Q

During normal ventilation, exhaled air has a CO2 concentration of 35 mmHg. What would you predict the value of the first exhalation would be after a prolonged breath hold?

decreased
the same
increased

A

increased

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4
Q

What did you predict what will happen if we suddenly put a hole in the barrel of the syringe. What happens to the inflated balloon?

The balloon will inflate!
Nothing will change!
The balloon will collapse!

A

the ballon will collapse

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5
Q

What is the order or air entering the system

A
  1. air enters through the nose or mouth
    air travels down the trachea
    air travels down smaller and smaller bronchioles
    air reaches aleveoli
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6
Q

The term that is simply defined as breathing is __________.

A

Ventilation

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7
Q

Which of the following is NOT a muscle that assists in the pressure changes associated with breathing?

Intercostal muscles
Scalenes
Diaphragm
Pleural sac

A

Pleural sac

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8
Q

Gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere occurs in the ____

alveoli
trachea
bronchioles
bronchi

A

alveoli

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9
Q

Which word or phrase means “the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs”?

Cellular respiration
External respiration
Expiration
Ventilation

A

Ventilation

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10
Q

Which structure is part of both the lower respiratory tract and the conducting system?

Larynx
Pharynx
Bronchus
Alveoli

A

Bronchus

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11
Q

What is a function of the pleural fluid?

To hold the lungs to the thoracic wall
To keep the thoracic cavity from collapsing
To humidify inhaled air
To help oxygen diffuse into the blood

A

To hold the lungs to the thoracic wall

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12
Q

Which key property of the bronchi increases as the average diameter of the passageways decreases? (Hint: it also occurs in the arterial vasculature.)

Fluid velocity (air in the lungs and blood in the vasculature)
Wall thickness
Radius
Cross-sectional area

A

Cross-sectional area

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13
Q

The CFTR channel is an anion channel that is dysfunctional in patients with cystic fibrosis. It is required for the proper production of mucus in the respiratory tract. Which anion moves through the CFTR channel?

Iron
Chloride
Phosphate
Sodium

A

Chloride

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14
Q

Which of the following correctly states the relationship known as Boyle’s law?

PV = nRT
P1V2 = P2V1
Partial pressure of a gas = Patm+ % of gas in atmosphere.
P1V1 = P2V2

A

P1V1 = P2V2

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15
Q

What would the pressure of a gas become if its starting pressure was 6 mmHg in a volume of 30 L, and the volume decreased to 5 L?

1 mmHg
25 mmHg
36 mmHg
The new pressure cannot be determined from the information given.

A

36 mmHg

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16
Q

As one moves up in altitude, the atmospheric pressure decreases. In Vail, Colorado (altitude 8022 ft or 2445 m), the atmospheric pressure is approximately 570 mmHg. What would the partial pressure of oxygen be in Vail?

21%
120 mm Hg
160 mm Hg
The PO2 cannot be calculated from the available information.

A

120 mm Hg

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17
Q

Which relationship between pressure and volume does the ideal gas law demonstrate?

They are directly proportional.
They are independent of one another.
They are inversely proportional.
They are positively correlated.

A

They are inversely proportional.

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18
Q

Which factor(s) from the ideal gas equation can be ignored in the human body?

Temperature
Pressure
Moles of the gas
Volume
Ideal gas constant

A

Temperature
Moles of the gas
Ideal gas constant

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19
Q

Pressure and volume are two variables that cannot be ignored because they are never constant. Even more so, the changes that occur in these variables is very important to ensure that the flow of air into and out of the lungs occurs appropriately.

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between pressure and volume?

As volume increases, pressure decreases proportionally.
As volume increases, pressure increases by a factor of 2.
As volume increases, pressure decreases by a factor of 2.
As volume increases, pressure increases proportionally.
As volume increases, pressure remains unchanged.

A

As volume increases, pressure decreases proportionally.

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20
Q

When the respiratory diaphragm contracts, it flattens, lowering the floor of the thoracic cavity. At the same time, the intercostal muscles pull the ribs up and out. The active forces of the muscle groups cause a(n) __________ (increase/decrease) in thoracic volume. Given the relationship between pressure and volume, this would cause pressure within the lungs to __________ (increase/decrease).

A

increases, decreases

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21
Q

If an alveolus with an initial volume of 3 ml of air with a total pressure of 760 mmHg decreases in volume to 2 ml, what would the new pressure be and in which direction would air flow? Assume you are at sea level.

1520 mmHg; air flow into the alveolus from the environment
1520 mmHg; air flow out of the alveolus to the environment
1140 mmHg; air flow out of the alveolus to the environment
1140 mmHg; air flow into the alveolus from the environment
760 mmHg; no net movement of air

A

1140 mmHg; air flow out of the alveolus to the environment

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22
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the definition of Dalton’s Law of partial pressures?

In order to calculate the partial pressure of a gas, you must first subtract the water vapor pressure from the total.

The percentage that a gas occupies in the atmosphere on Earth will change as altitude changes.

As the volume of a container increases, the pressure of the gases within that container will decrease.

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.

A

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.

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23
Q

Which of the following variables do you need to know in order to calculate the partial pressure of a gas?

the percentage of the other gases that comprise the atmosphere
the volume of the container that the gas is in
the percentage of the gas
the total pressure in the atmosphere
the water vapor pressure

A

the percentage of the gas
the total pressure in the atmosphere
the water vapor pressure

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24
Q

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle’s law?

How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.
The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.
The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas.

A

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

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25
Q

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?

internal intercostals and external oblique
diaphragm and internal intercostals
diaphragm and external intercostals

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

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26
Q

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

intrapulmonary pressure
atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure

A

intrapleural pressure

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27
Q

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?

histamine
an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system
epinephrine
acetylcholine (ACh)

A

epinephrine

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28
Q

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

lung volume will stay the same
lungs will collapse
lungs will inflate

A

lungs will collapse

29
Q

The additional air that you can exhale after a normal exhale is the __________.

tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume

A

expiratory reserve volume

30
Q

Relaxation of the respiratory muscles leads to which change?

A decrease in thoracic volume and decrease in pressure in the lungs
An increase in thoracic volume and decrease in pressure in the lung
An increase in thoracic volume and increase in pressure in the lungs
A decrease in thoracic volume and increase in pressure in the lungs

A

A decrease in thoracic volume and increase in pressure in the lungs

31
Q

Movement of muscles during inspiration allows expansion of the lungs and thus a decrease in internal lung pressure (decrease in alveoli pressure), resulting in air entering into the alveoli. Which of the following statements describes what makes this possible?

Contraction in the respiratory muscles creates a vacuum in the primary bronchi, which fill with air from the always-open trachea and force that air down into the alveoli.

Contraction in the respiratory muscles creates a vacuum in the trachea, which fills with air and forces that air down into the alveoli.

Pleural fluid surrounding the lungs causes the lung walls to stick to the thoracic wall.

The alveoli are located around the periphery of the lungs, and they stick to the thoracic wall.

A

Pleural fluid surrounding the lungs causes the lung walls to stick to the thoracic wall.

32
Q

What causes normal expiration?

Elastic recoil of lungs and the thoracic cage
The expiratory muscles contract to reverse the pressure and volume changes that produced inspiration.
Contraction of the diaphragm
Relaxation of the heart, which is between the two lungs, pushes on the walls of the lungs and forces the air out.

A

Elastic recoil of lungs and the thoracic cage

33
Q

A patient with an allergy has an EpiPen. Which would you expect after injection of epinephrine?

Decreased resistance and increased flow
Decreased resistance and decreased flow
Increased resistance and decreased flow
Increased resistance and increased flow

A

Decreased resistance and increased flow

34
Q

Which of the following is a similarity between obstructive lung disease and restrictive lung disease?

Both have increased resistance and decreased flow in airways.
In both, smaller airways collapse during forced expiration.
Both decrease the amount of oxygen in the alveoli.
Both have decreased ability of the lungs to stretch.

A

Both decrease the amount of oxygen in the alveoli.

35
Q

Which set of instructions would allow the measurement of inspiratory reserve volume on a spirometer?

“Now, at the end of a quiet inspiration, take in as much additional air as you possibly can.”
“Breathe quietly.”
“Now stop at the end of a normal exhalation, and then exhale as much air as you possibly can.”
None of these. IRV is left over after a subject exhales all the air that he or she is able to.

A

“Now, at the end of a quiet inspiration, take in as much additional air as you possibly can.”

36
Q

Which capacity is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume?

Vital capacity
Functional residual capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Total lung capacity

A

Vital capacity

37
Q

At which point in the respiratory cycle is alveolar pressure the greatest?

When intrapleural pressure is highest
When the volume of air moved is lowest
At mid-expiration
When the intrapleural pressure is lowest

A

At mid-expiration

38
Q

What causes the greatest change in thoracic volume during quiet inspiration?

Air flowing into the lungs
Increased intrapleural pressure
Contraction of the diaphragm
Relaxation of the internal intercostal muscles

A

Contraction of the diaphragm

39
Q

Which characteristic of the lungs is defined as the change in volume that results from a given force exerted?

Fibrosis
Elastance
Resistance
Compliance

A

Compliance

40
Q

Which two factors have the greatest influence on the amount of work needed for breathing?

Compliance and airway resistance
Compliance and inertia
Elastic recoil of the thoracic wall and the tension created by the ribs
Surface tension and pneumothorax

A

Compliance and airway resistance

41
Q

Like the cardiovascular system, what is the primary determinant of resistance to flow in the respiratory system?

Tube radius
Tube length
Air density
Air viscosity

A

Tube radius

42
Q

Which is the best definition of anatomical dead space?

The volume of the exchange portion of the respiratory system
The tidal volume
The ventilation rate
The volume of the conducting system

A

The volume of the conducting system

43
Q

A student is biking to class and crashes. A broken rib makes a hole in the plural membrane. Which do you expect?

More air in the pleural cavity and increased intrapleural pressure
Less air in the pleural cavity and decreased intrapleural pressure
More air in the pleural cavity and decreased intrapleural pressure
Less air in the pleural cavity and increased intrapleural pressure

A

More air in the pleural cavity and increased intrapleural pressure

44
Q

A patient has a disorder that destroys type II alveolar cells. Which would you expect?

Decreased surface tension and increased work to expand alveoli
Increased surface tension and increased work to expand alveoli
Decreased surface tension and decreased work to expand alveoli
Increased surface tension and decreased work to expand alveoli

A

Increased surface tension and increased work to expand alveoli

45
Q

Which is a difference between total pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation?

One uses mL/min for units, and the other does not.
One depends on ventilation rate, and the other does not.
One depends on tidal volume, and the other does not.
One depends on dead space volume, and the other does not.

A

One depends on dead space volume, and the other does not.

46
Q

A patient has a procedure that increases the ventilation to a group of alveoli. Which would you expect?

Decreased resistance in arterioles in that area and decreased perfusion
Decreased resistance in arterioles in that area and increased perfusion
Increased resistance in arterioles in that area and decreased perfusion
Increased resistance in arterioles in that area and increased perfusion

A

Decreased resistance in arterioles in that area and increased perfusion

47
Q

Because this factor normally varies, the most important variable that influences the diffusion of respiratory gases is the __________.

surface area
diffusion distance
pressure or concentration gradient
membrane thickness

A

pressure or concentration gradient

48
Q

Which of these is a normal value?

Venous PO2 = 100 mmHg
Arterial PO2 = 40 mmHg
Arterial PCO2 = 38 mmHg
Venous PCO2 = 40 mmHg

A

Arterial PCO2 = 38 mmHg

49
Q

What is the main mechanism by which gases move from the alveoli into the blood and cells and back?

Active transport
Bulk flow
Simple diffusion
Symport

A

Simple diffusion

50
Q

Low alveolar PO2 can be caused by one of two mechanisms. One of them is that the inspired air has low oxygen content. What is the other reason?

High altitude
Hypoventilation
Low hemoglobin concentration
Low hematocrit

A

Hypoventilation

51
Q

Which disorder would usually result in a normal alveolar PO2 but a decreased arterial PO2 because of fluid increasing diffusion distance?

Pulmonary edema
Asthma
Fibrotic lung disease
Emphysema

A

Pulmonary edema

52
Q

At the same pressure, about 20 times more CO2 will dissolve in plasma as O2. Why does this occur?

CO2 molecules move faster than O2.
CO2 will pass through the red blood cell membrane faster than O2.
CO2 has a higher solubility than O2.
O2 will bind to hemoglobin with a higher affinity than CO2.

A

CO2 has a higher solubility than O2.

53
Q

Which would stimulate decreased respiration?

Decreased carbon dioxide and increased oxygen
pH 7.4
Hypercapnia and hypoxia
Increased carbon dioxide and decreased oxygen

A

Decreased carbon dioxide and increased oxygen

54
Q

Which of the following statements most accurately describes hypoxia?

an increase in the amount of dissolved oxygen in plasma or air
a decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen in plasma or air
an increase in the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma or air
a decrease in the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma or air

A

a decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen in plasma or air

55
Q

What physiological factor is responsible for causing HAPE?

high pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
vasodilation of pulmonary arterioles
high colloid osmotic pressure in the pulmonary capillary
None of the listed options causes HAPE.

A

high pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure

56
Q

If you were to compare the hematocrit between a person that lives at sea level and one that lives at high altitude, how would they compare?

The hematocrit in the person from high altitude would be higher than that of the person from sea level.
The hematocrit in the person from high altitude would be the same than that of the person from sea level.
The hematocrit in the person from high altitude would be lower than that of the person from sea level.

A

The hematocrit in the person from high altitude would be higher than that of the person from sea level.

57
Q

Why is hyperventilation a usual response when someone is exposed to a high altitude hypoxic situation?

Because it decreases alveolar ventilation, which decreases the partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus.
Because it increases alveolar ventilation, which decreases the partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus.
Because it increases alveolar ventilation, which increases the partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus.
Because it decreases alveolar ventilation, which increases the partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus.

A

Because it increases alveolar ventilation, which increases the partial pressure of O2 in the alveolus.

58
Q

Approximately what percentage of the total blood oxygen is bound to hemoglobin instead of dissolved in plasma?

2%
78%
88%
98%

A

98%

59
Q

Choose the combination of factors that would lead to the greatest oxygen unloading from hemoglobin.

Low pH, high temperature, low PCO2, high 2,3-BPG
High pH, low temperature, low PCO2, low 2,3-BPG
High pH, high temperature, high PCO2, low 2,3-BPG
Low pH, high temperature, high PCO2, high 2,3-BPG

A

Low pH, high temperature, high PCO2, high 2,3-BPG

60
Q

About 23% of the carbon dioxide in blood is carried __________.

as CO2 dissolved in plasma
as bicarbonate ions dissolved in plasma
by hemoglobin, bound to amino groups
by hemoglobin, bound to iron

A

by hemoglobin, bound to amino groups

61
Q

Which change would cause a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve?

Decreased pH
Decreased temperature
Increased 2,3-BPG
Increased PCO2

A

Decreased temperature

62
Q

In which form is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Dissolved in the plasma
As carbonic acid
Bound to hemoglobin
As bicarbonate ion

A

As bicarbonate ion

63
Q

What is the chloride shift?

     The excretion of Cl- by the kidney, preventing HCO3-from causing an increase in plasma pH        
     The production of carbaminohemoglobin by chloride from the plasma        
     The exchange of bicarbonate for Cl- ions in red blood cells, causing HCO3- to leave the cell        
     The production of HCO3- by enzymatic breakdown of chloride
A

The exchange of bicarbonate for Cl- ions in red blood cells, causing HCO3- to leave the cell

64
Q

Changes in the amount of __________ are the main stimulus driving changes in ventilation.

CO2
body heat
O2
H+

A

CO2

65
Q

Central chemoreceptors that monitor cerebrospinal fluid will stimulate an increase in ventilation __________.

if either CO2 or H+ increases (resulting in decreased pH)
if CO2 increases or H+ decreases (resulting in decreased pH)
if CO2 decreases or H+ increases (resulting in decreased pH)
if either CO2 or H+ decreases (resulting in decreased pH)

A

if either CO2 or H+ increases (resulting in decreased pH)

66
Q

Which change would cause the greatest stimulus for an increase in ventilation?

Arterial PO2 decreasing to 80 mmHg
Arterial pH decreasing to 7.2
Arterial PCO2 decreasing to 40 mmHg
Arterial PCO2 increasing to 46 mmHg

A

Arterial PCO2 increasing to 46 mmHg

67
Q

Which chemical can stimulate ventilation by binding both peripheral and central chemoreceptors?

Blood H+
Plasma O2
Both blood CO2 and H+
Plasma CO2

A

Plasma CO2

68
Q

A patient has a problem that causes decreased signaling in the efferent neurons in his reflex control of ventilation. Which would you predict? Decreased neurotransmitter release secreted from ____ neurons and decreased ____ muscle contraction.

Somatic motor, smooth
Sympathetic, smooth
Sympathetic, skeletal muscle
Somatic motor, skeletal

A

Somatic motor, skeletal

69
Q

What is the significance of the shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Hemoglobin saturation is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen.
The percent saturation of hemoglobin only decreases at the tissues and will never decrease at the lungs.
It doesn’t matter how much the partial pressure of oxygen changes, hemoglobin will always be saturated at 98%.
Only significant changes in the partial pressure of oxygen will result in significant changes to hemoglobin saturation.

A

Only significant changes in the partial pressure of oxygen will result in significant changes to hemoglobin saturation.

Animal Phys (6 decks)

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