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Animal Phys > Cardiovascuular > Flashcards

Cardiovascuular Flashcards

1
Q

In a laboratory, students used a stimulus that decreased the distance between R waves on an ECG. This represents a _____.

increased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate
decreased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate
decreased length of time for one heartbeat and decreased heart rate
increased length of time for one heartbeat and decreased heart rate

A

decreased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate

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2
Q

Which of the following is the correct description of a myocardial infarction and what it is caused by?

A region of heart muscle dies due to a lack of blood supply.
A region of muscle becomes inactive due to a lack of neuronal stimulation.
A region of heart muscle dies due to a lack of glucose supply.
A region of heart muscle becomes overly active.

A

A region of heart muscle dies due to a lack of blood supply.

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3
Q

How does administration of nitroglycerine help someone that might be suffering from a myocardial infarction?

Nitroglycerine will constrict the coronary vessels, which will increase blood flow to the heart muscle.
Nitroglycerine will dilate the coronary vessels, which will decrease blood flow to the heart muscle.
Nitroglycerine will constrict the coronary vessels, which will decrease blood flow to the heart muscle.
Nitroglycerine will dilate the coronary vessels, which will increase blood flow to the heart muscle.

A

Nitroglycerine will dilate the coronary vessels, which will increase blood flow to the heart muscle.

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4
Q

Although the lab results from Walter’s blood work will take an hour, the ER physician is certain that Walter has had a myocardial infarction. How did he reach this diagnosis without knowing the results of the blood work?

Walter expressed pain and tightness in his chest.
Walter was very clammy, pale, and incoherent.
The ECG of Walter’s heart showed the signs of a myocardial infarction.
Walter had a bluish tint to his skin when he came in to the ER.

A

The ECG of Walter’s heart showed the signs of a myocardial infarction.

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5
Q

What would a balloon angioplasty do to the resistance in Walter’s affected coronary vessel and how would this improve his condition?

decrease; increased blood flow to the myocardium
decrease; decreased blood flow to the myocardium
increase; increased blood flow to the myocardium
increase; decreased blood flow to the myocardium

A

decrease; increased blood flow to the myocardium

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6
Q

Arteries are most accurately defined as blood vessels that carry __________.

blood away from the heart
deoxygenated blood
blood toward the heart
highly oxygenated blood

A

blood away from the heart

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7
Q

Which of the following is the best definition of an artery?

A vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
A vessel that carries blood to the heart
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart
A vessel that carries oxygenated blood

A

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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8
Q

Which blood vessels return blood to the heart?

Veins
Atria
Capillaries
Arteries

A

Veins

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9
Q

Choose the correct order in which blood would make contact with the following structures as it traveled from the left atrium through the blood vessels and back to the right atrium.
1) Abdominal aorta
2) Ascending arteries
3) Inferior vena cava
4) Hepatic artery
5) Superior vena cava
6) Left ventricle
7) Ascending veins

4, 3, 2, 7, 6, 1
5, 7, 3, 1, 6, 4, 2
6, 1, 4, 7, 3
1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 6

A

6, 1, 4, 7, 3

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10
Q

The first branch off the aorta represents which blood vessel(s)?

Pulmonary artery
Hepatic artery
Superior vena cava
Coronary arteries

A

Coronary arteries

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11
Q

A patient is given a β1 receptor agonist. What would you expect to find?

Decreased heart rate and decreased cardiac output
Increased heart rate and increased cardiac output
Decreased heart rate and increased cardiac output
Increased heart rate and decreased cardiac output

A

Increased heart rate and increased cardiac output

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12
Q

Mr. Cortez takes his blood pressure for two weeks and gets an average of 160/100. A normal blood pressure should be slightly lower than 120/80 what is the term used to describe Mr. Cortez’s condition?

hypertension
highertensive
hypotension
lowertensive

A

hypertension

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13
Q

Which of the following conditions can result from chronic hypertension?

heart failure
stroke
kidney failure
heart failure and stroke
heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure

A

heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure

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14
Q

Which parameter associated with mean arterial blood pressure will angiotensin II directly affect? How will this parameter change? What will it do to MAP?

total peripheral resistance; increase; decrease
total peripheral resistance; increase; increase
cardiac output; decrease; increase
cardiac output; increase; increase

A

total peripheral resistance; increase; increase

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15
Q

Beta blockers and Ca++ channel blockers can both be prescribed to Mr. Cortez in order to help with his hypertension. What ONE parameter will both of these medicines have a common effect on?

total peripheral resistance
blood volume
cardiac output
None of the listed responses is correct.

A

cardiac output

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16
Q

Which tissue in the walls of blood vessels allows for regulation of vessel diameter?

Epithelial tissue
Cardiac muscle
Neural tissue
Smooth muscle

A

Smooth muscle

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17
Q

Which blood vessels allow blood to move directly from the arterial to the venous circulation?

Collateral arteries
Venules
Metarterioles
Precapillary sphincters

A

Metarterioles

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18
Q

During exercise, cardiac output may increase by more than 170 % to meet the body’s increased O2 demands. This increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure. But the accompanying increase in arterial pressure is relatively small—only about 40 % . What limits this increase in blood pressure so that it doesn’t reach dangerously high levels during exercise?

Blood volume decreases due to sweating.
Blood vessels shorten in the contracting skeletal muscles.
Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle.
Hematocrit decreases as more interstitial fluid enters the blood vessels.

A

Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle.

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19
Q

A patient is vomiting and has diarrhea. Which would you expect?

Decreased blood volume and increased blood pressure
Increased blood volume and decreased blood pressure
Increased blood volume and increased blood pressure
Decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure

A

Decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure

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20
Q

What maintains the driving pressure on blood while the heart is NOT contracting (ventricular diastole)?

Stretching of the muscular arteries
Closing of the semilunar valves
Constriction of the arterioles
Recoil of the elastic arteries

A

Recoil of the elastic arteries

21
Q

Which is the correct relationship among pressure, flow, and resistance?

Flow is inversely proportional to change in pressure and directly proportional to resistance.
Flow is directly proportional to change in both pressure and resistance.
Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance.
Flow is inversely proportional to change in both pressure and resistance.

A

Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance.

22
Q

Using a sphygmomanometer, a nurse measures a patient’s blood pressure as 134/86. What are the patient’s pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure?

PP = 1.56 mm Hg and MAP = 48 mm Hg
PP = 24, but MAP cannot be determined from the information given
PP = 48 mm Hg and MAP = 102 mm Hg
PP = 86 mm Hg and MAP = 134 mm Hg

A

PP = 48 mm Hg and MAP = 102 mm Hg

23
Q

A patient has a hemorrhage and loses a large volume of the blood. Which compensatory mechanisms would you expect?

Vasodilation and increased kidney fluid output in urine
Increased kidney fluid output in urine and increased parasympathetic activity
Vasoconstriction and decreased kidney fluid output in the urine
Vasodilation and increased release of epinephrine

A

Vasoconstriction and decreased kidney fluid output in the urine

24
Q

What effect would an increase in blood volume have on the resistance to blood flow?

Resistance would increase, because more blood would be harder to push through the vessels.
Resistance would increase, because the increased volume would stretch the arteries to a greater degree.
Resistance would decrease, since the greater volume would cause the veins to stretch more.
There would be no effect; blood volume and resistance to blood flow are not directly linked.

A

There would be no effect; blood volume and resistance to blood flow are not directly linked

25
Q

Hours after a surgery, a patient is taken for a walk around the hospital floor. What effect would an increase in venous return have on mean arterial pressure?

It would increase it, by increasing total peripheral resistance.
It would increase it, by shifting blood from the veins into the arteries.
It would decrease it, by keeping blood in the veins.
The veins do not have any effect on MAP.

A

It would increase it, by shifting blood from the veins into the arteries.

26
Q

Which type of vessel changes most to regulate resistance to blood flow? Why?

Arteries, because of the large amount of muscle in their walls
Arterioles, because they are the only type of vessel with an adjustable diameter
Arterioles, because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls
Veins, because they are the lowest-pressure vessels and can thus develop greater pressure increases with regulation

A

Arterioles, because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls

27
Q

What is the mechanism behind myogenic autoregulation in vascular smooth muscle?

When cells stretch, mechanically gated cation channels open, depolarizing the cell, resulting in contraction.
Increased blood flow stimulates the release of paracrine factors that vasodilate local vessels.
Stretch causes depolarization of local neurons, which in turn depolarize the smooth muscle cells in the area.
Increased blood flow through an arteriole delivers more oxygen and glucose, making the smooth muscle cells more likely to contract.

A

When cells stretch, mechanically gated cation channels open, depolarizing the cell, resulting in contraction.

28
Q

What causes active hyperemia?

Occluded blood flow causes a dramatic drop in tissue O2 and high levels of CO2 and H+, causing endothelial cells to release NO.
Increased metabolism results in a local increase in CO2.
Blood loss causes skeletal muscle hypoxia, which leads to adenosine release and vasodilation.
The production of NO and O2 by tissues causes vasoconstriction due to enhanced vascular smooth muscle contraction.

A

Increased metabolism results in a local increase in CO2.

29
Q

A patient takes a beta2 receptor antagonist. Which of the following would you expect?

Vasodilation in blood vessels supplying the gastrointestinal tract
Vasodilation in blood vessels supplying the liver
Vasoconstriction in blood vessels supplying the liver
Vasoconstriction in blood vessels supplying the gastrointestinal tract

A

Vasoconstriction in blood vessels supplying the liver

30
Q

Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?

cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata
carotid sinus and aortic arch
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

carotid sinus and aortic arch

31
Q

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity
increased PNS and SNS activity
increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

A

increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

32
Q

Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?

increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

A

decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

33
Q

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following?

a decrease in blood pressure
vasodilation of arteries
a decrease in cardiac output
an increase in heart rate and contractility

A

an increase in heart rate and contractility

34
Q

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?

an increase in heart contractility
a decrease in cardiac output
a decrease in heart rate
vasodilation of arterioles

A

an increase in heart contractility

35
Q

If increased blood pressure stimulated the baroreceptor reflex, which changes would occur?

Decreased vessel diameter, increased resistance, and decreased cardiac output
Increased vessel diameter, increased resistance, and increased cardiac output
Decreased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output
Increased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output

A

Increased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output

36
Q

If there were a sudden increase in blood volume, what would the baroreceptors do, and what would be the effect of that reflex?

Increase firing rate; increased myocardial contractility
Decrease firing rate; decreased myocardial contractility
Decrease firing rate; decreased heart rate
Increase firing rate; decreased myocardial contractility

A

Increase firing rate; decreased myocardial contractility

37
Q

Which of the following cardiovascular control factors contribute to changes in blood pressure?

Select all that apply.

volume of blood in body
heart rate
body temperature
force of cardiac contraction
blood vessel diameter

A

force of cardiac contraction
blood vessel diameter
heart rate

38
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters will play a role in the regulation of blood pressure by creating a change in cardiovascular function?

Check all that apply.

serotonin
epinephrine
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
glutamate

A

norepinephrine
acetylcholine
epinephrine

39
Q

Which of the following is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system when blood pressure is too high?

reduce blood volume
decrease heart rate
decrease force of contraction of the heart
induce relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle

A

decrease heart rate

40
Q

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.

proteins in the blood
blood pressure

A

blood pressure

41
Q

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.

capillary; interstitial fluid
interstitial fluid; capillary

A

capillary; interstitial fluid

42
Q

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?

1 mm Hg
34 mm Hg
12 mm Hg

A

34 mm Hg

43
Q

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.

blood pressure
proteins in the blood

A

proteins in the blood

44
Q

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?

net hydrostatic pressure
net osmotic pressure

A

net osmotic pressure

45
Q

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

arterial
venous

A

venous

46
Q

Blood velocity is lowest in the __________.

arterioles
capillaries
veins
arteries

A

capillaries

47
Q

Why is the velocity of blood lowest in the capillaries as compared with all other types of vessels?

The capillaries have the largest cross-sectional area.
The capillaries have a relatively large amount of smooth muscle for their diameter.
The capillaries have a larger diameter than the arterioles that feed them.
The capillaries have the lowest blood volume.

A

The capillaries have the largest cross-sectional area.

48
Q

What is the mechanism by which bulk flow occurs at the capillaries?

The mechanism for bulk flow at the capillary is either simple diffusion or vesicular transport.

Relatively higher hydrostatic pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and relatively higher colloid osmotic pressure on the venous end

Colloid osmotic pressure forces fluid out of the capillary.

Relatively higher colloid osmotic pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and relatively higher hydrostatic pressure on the venous end

A

Relatively higher hydrostatic pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and relatively higher colloid osmotic pressure on the venous end

49
Q

Which is a similarity between diffusion and transcytosis at capillaries?

They both use mass movement of fluid.
They both transport large molecules.
They are both examples of paracellular pathways.
They both allow substances to be exchanged between the blood and cells within tissues.

A

They both allow substances to be exchanged between the blood and cells within tissues.

Animal Phys (6 decks)

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