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Animal Phys > GI system > Flashcards

GI system Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical digestion of food begins in the ________.

small intestine
mouth
stomach
large intestine

A

mouth

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2
Q

What is the outer layer of the gut wall called?

serosa
muscularis externa
the myenteric plexus
submucosa

A

serosa

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3
Q

What is the first area that food contacts as it moves from the stomach to the small intestines?

ileum
antrum
jejunum
duodenum

A

duodenum

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the four basic functions of the digestive system?

matching fluid input with output
acid-base balance
repelling foreign invaders
decreasing the size of food molecules

A

acid-base balance

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5
Q

GI contractions that are sustained for minutes or hours are called ________ contractions.

tonic
segmental
phasic
peristaltic

A

tonic

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6
Q

Crypt cells in the small intestine and colon secrete ________ into the lumen.

a bicarbonate solution
an isotonic sodium chloride solution
digestive enzymes
mucus

A

an isotonic sodium chloride solution

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7
Q

What happens to the OH- group that results from the hydrolysis of water to create H+ for HCl secretion by parietal cells?

It follows H+ into the stomach lumen because of the electrochemical gradient created by the H+/ K+ exchanger.

It remains in the parietal cell to maintain a high pH and keep pepsin inactivated. This protects the parietal cells from degradation by pepsin.

It is converted to bicarbonate and shuttled out of the parietal cell by a HCO3-/Cl- exchanger.

It is combined with another hydroxyl group to form molecular oxygen and two more H+ that can be shuttled into the lumen.

A

It is converted to bicarbonate and shuttled out of the parietal cell by a HCO3-/Cl- exchanger.

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8
Q

What is the “migrating motor complex”?

a shift of smooth muscle cells from the circular to the oblique layer in the stomach

movement, or migration, of food from the mouth into the stomach

alternating patterns of electrical activity that stimulate the longitudinal and then the circular layer of smooth muscle throughout the GI tract

a pattern of slow contractions sweeping along the GI tract

A

a pattern of slow contractions sweeping along the GI tract

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9
Q

Which type of contraction pattern allows the small intestines to churn and mix a food bolus?

migrating
mesenteric
segmental
peristalsis

A

segmental

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10
Q

During which phase in the control of the digestive system would bicarbonate and bile be stimulated?

gastric phase
intestinal phase
cephalic phase

A

intestinal phase

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11
Q

Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by which fibers?

interneurons of the enteric nervous system
both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
sympathetic postganglionic fibers
parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

A

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

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12
Q

Enteric interneurons that are inhibitory to smooth muscle use which of the following neurotransmitters?

VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)
norepinephrine
ACh (acetylcholine)
substance P

A

VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

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13
Q

Which of the following intestinal hormones stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder?

CCK (cholecystokinin)
GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
motilin
gastrin

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

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14
Q

Which of the following GI hormones promotes a pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions?

GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
secretin
motilin
gastrin

A

secretin

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15
Q

Which is NOT classified as a member of the secretin family of GI hormones?

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

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16
Q

Which hormone stimulates the release of insulin in response to glucose in the intestinal lumen?

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
gastrin
cholecystokinin
motilin

A

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

17
Q

Merely anticipating that one is about to eat can trigger the ________ phase of digestion.

intestinal
cephalic
deglutition
emesis

A

cephalic

18
Q

What is the role of bile?

provides the chemical digestion needed in order to break down triglycerides
enhances the effects of colipase and lipase
increases the surface area of fats so that they are easier to digest
allows fat droplets to reassemble as they enter from the stomach into the duodenum

A

increases the surface area of fats so that they are easier to digest

19
Q

Which of the following molecules can be found within the membrane or interior of a micelle?
Check all that apply.

bile salts
diglycerides
lipase
phospholipids
cholesterol
triglycerides
colipase
monoglycerides
free fatty acids
small fat droplets

A

bile salts
diglycerides
phospholipids
cholesterol
monoglycerides
free fatty acids

20
Q

Given the chemical nature of free fatty acids and monoglycerides, how are these absorbed across the epithelial border of the small intestine?

facilitated diffusion
simple diffusion
secondary active transport
endocytosis
primary active transport

A

simple diffusion

21
Q

Which of the following structures are found within the chylomicron?
Check all that apply.

monoglycerides
diglycerides
triglycerides
protein
cholesterol
free fatty acids

A

triglycerides
protein
cholesterol

22
Q

Where do chylomicrons go after they are transported out of the enterocyte, and why do they go there?

blood, because they must be used by the body for energy
adipocytes, because they need to be stored
lymphatic system, because they are too large to enter into the blood
liver, because they must be metabolized and packaged before entering into general circulation

A

lymphatic system, because they are too large to enter into the blood

23
Q

In terms of chemical digestion of organic molecules, the stomach primarily digests ________ .

nucleic acids
carbohydrates
proteins
fats

A

proteins

24
Q

What must be present in the intestinal lumen to activate pancreatic zymogens?

trypsin
secretin
fats and proteins
acidic pH

A

trypsin

25
Q

What happens to the OH– group that results from the hydrolysis of water to create H+ for HCl secretion by parietal cells?

It is combined with another hydroxyl group to form molecular oxygen and two more H+ that can be shuttled into the lumen.

It follows H+ into the stomach lumen because of the electrochemical gradient created by the H+/ K+ exchanger.

It remains in the parietal cell to maintain a high pH and keep pepsin inactivated. This protects the parietal cells from degradation by pepsin.

It is converted to bicarbonate and shuttled out of the parietal cell by an HCO3–/Cl– exchanger.

A

It is converted to bicarbonate and shuttled out of the parietal cell by an HCO3–/Cl– exchanger.

26
Q

Which vitamin must be complexed with intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

B6
B12
C
D

A

B12

27
Q

Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation?

fear
a lemon
the thought of food
nausea

A

fear

28
Q

HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen?

paracrine (also known as enteroendocrine cells)
chief
G cells
parietal

A

chief

29
Q

In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions?

acinar cells
islet of Langerhans cells
duct cells

A

acinar cells

30
Q

An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) arriving in the duodenum would stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of HCl?

gastrin
secretin
GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
CCK (cholecystokinin)

A

secretin

31
Q

The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the following?

bile
bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus
intrinsic factor
digestive enzymes such as CCK and secretin

A

bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus

32
Q

Blood draining from the intestines flows directly to the ________.

heart chambers for rapid systemic re-circulation
liver for filtering
kidneys for filtering
venous circulation for return to the heart

A

liver for filtering

33
Q

Why must the process of lipid digestion be different from proteins and carbohydrates?

The lipids include the largest molecules in the body.
Many hormones are lipids and require special handling to avoid side effects.
Lipids are hydrophobic.
Lipid molecules contain charges that repel most enzymes.

A

Lipids are hydrophobic.

34
Q

Which is the best example of a short reflex?

cephalic phase insulin release (CPIR), which occurs when the taste of sweet foods initiates the release of insulin from beta cells in the pancreas

ghrelin, released by the stomach, causing feelings of hunger

cholecystokinin, released by the duodenum, stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder and feelings of satiety

the gastrocolic reflex, which occurs when stretch in the stomach causes increased motility in the large intestine

A

the gastrocolic reflex, which occurs when stretch in the stomach causes increased motility in the large intestine

35
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for producing bicarbonate in pancreatic acini and in duodenal cells? Hint: It is the same enzyme that is active in erythrocytes.

carbonic anhydrase
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
amylase
Na+/K+-ATPase

A

carbonic anhydrase

36
Q

The process of carbohydrate digestion begins when the complex carbohydrate starch is broken down into maltose. Which enzyme breaks these down into monomers and where are they found?

pancreatic amylase released by the pancreas

carbohydrases located throughout the intestines

GLUT2 located on the basolateral surface

disaccharidases located at the intestinal brush border

A

disaccharidases located at the intestinal brush border

37
Q

Which of the following structures do triglycerides, cholesterol, and proteins form inside enterocytes that allow them to be carried in lacteals?

chylomicrons
emulsions
bolus
micelles

A

chylomicrons

Animal Phys (6 decks)

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