Respiration Flashcards
Anaerobic respiration equation in muscles
glucose → lactic acid + small amount of energy
C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3
Anaerobic respiration equation in yeast
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + small amount of energy
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2C02
Definition of aerobic respiration
Breakdown of food substances in presence of oxygen with release of a large amount of energy. Carbon dioxide and water are released as waste products
Definition of anaerobic respiration
Breakdown of food substances in absence of oxygen with release of small amt of energy
Desrcibe passage of air
atmosphere –> external nostril –> nasal passges –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli –> alveolus
Equation of aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + large amounts of energy
Expiration
Diaphragm muscle relax, diaphragm arches upwards
External intercostal muscle relax, internal contract
Rib move downwards and inwards, sternum moves back to original position
VOlume of thoracic cavity decreases
Air pressure in lungs increases
Atmosphereric pressure is lower than pressure in lungs, air rush out of lungs
Fate of lactic acid during muscle respiration
Lactic acid buildup in muscles
Increased acidity in muscle tissue reduces the ability of muscle fibres to contract (fatigue)
Lactic acid is tranported in blood plasma to liver
Some lactic acid goes thru aerobic respiration pathway to form co2 and H2o
Most lactic acid is onverted back to glucose and stored as glycogen
How are the o2 and CO2 concentration graidents set up between blood and alveolar air (2)
Continuous flow of blood thru blood capillaries
Movement of air in and out of alveoli thru breathing
How does the epithelium filter air
Gland/globet cells secrete mucus trap dust particles and bacteria
Clilliated cells have cillia on surface, which sweep dust-trapped mucus up the trachea, swalloed into the oesophagus
How is oxygen absorped
Disssolv ein moisture lining alveolar walls
Diffuse across the 1 cell thick alveloar wall and capilary wall into blood plasma
combine with haemogoblin to form oxyhaemogoblin
In oxygen-poor tissues, oxyhaemo goblin releases oxygen which diffuse across capilary walls into body cells
Inspiration (6)
Diaphragm muscle contracts, diaphragm move downwards
External intercostal muscle contract, internal relax
Rib move upwards and outwards, sternum moves up and forward
VOlume of thoracic cavity increases
Air pressure in lungs decreases
Atmosphereric pressure is higher than pressure in lungs, air rush into lungs
Oxygen Debt
After strenous exercise, a person’s heart rate and breathing rate do not return to normal straight away
This is because oxygen is requred to remove the lactic acid and replenish the body’s reserves of oxygen.
During oxygen debt, person faces muscle fatigue
Wha happens when yeast anaerobically respire for a longtim
Buildup of ethanol iis toxic to yeast as yeast cannot metabolise ethanol
What are some adaptations for efficient gas exchange
many alveoli n lungs provide a large surface area
Wall of alveolus and blood cap is only 1 cell thick. Short diffusion distance –> Faster diffusion rate.
Thin film of moisature on surface of alveolus allow oxygen gas to dissolve in it
Walls of alveoli supplied by dense network of blood cap. Continuous flow of blood maintains conc grad of gases.
What happens during muscle respiration
During high intensity physical exercise, your mscle cells require a lot of energy in a short amount of time
Insufficient oxygen is transported to the muscles. Aerobic respiration is unable to rlease energy fast enuf for muscles fibres to contract at a fast rate.
Hence, muscles cells carry out anaerobic resp n conjunction with aerobic resp to release extra energy for a limited amt of time
Whats cellular respiration
A series of catabolic reactions in living cells that break down nutrients too release energy
Why are trachea and bronchi supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage
How are trachea and bronchi kept open
Why breathing thru nost better than breathing thru mouth (4)
Nostrils lead to 2 nasal passages that are lined with a moist mucous membrane
Dust and bacteria trapped by hairs and mucus
Air is warmed and moistened before entering lungs
Harmful chemicals may be detected by sensory cells in mucous membrane
What nicotine cause
Highly addictive
cause release of adrenaline, constrict blood vessels
Increas eheart rate and heat pressure
Increase blood cholestrol
Increase fatty deposits in arteries (atherosclerosis)
Increase fibrinogen and platelets lvls
blood clot easily
Increased risk of coronary heat disease
Carbon monoxide
Bind irreversibly with haemogoblin to form carbooxyhaemogoblin
Decrease ability of blood toc arry oxygen
Chronic bronchitis
caused by prolonged exposure to irritant particles in tobacco smoke
Epithelium of trachea and bronchi become inflamed
airway narrower and less elastic
Gland Cells secrete excess mucus
Cillia paralysed, mucus and dust particles cant be removed
Mucus accumulate and obstruct air passsages, cause difficulty breathing. Mucus may be infected with bacteria
Persistent coughing to clear air passages, causing further inflammation
