Respiration

Question 1

What are the four stages of respiration?

Answer 1

Glycolysis, Link Reaction, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 2

What is the aerobic path of respiration?

Answer 2

Glycolysis, Link Reaction, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 3

What is the anaerobic pathway of respiration?

Answer 3

Glycolysis , Fermentation

Question 4

Give an overview of glycolysis

Answer 4

Glycolysis = sugar splitting

Glycolysis (6C) is split into two pyruvate(3C) molecules.

Question 5

Glycolysis

- Explain phosphorylation

Answer 5

1)ATP is hydrolyzed to release a phosphoryl group so it can be added to glucose in order to activate glucose for the enzyme-controlled reaction.
Glucose -> Hexose monophosphate -> Hexose Biphosphate

Question 6

Glycolysis

-Explain the Lysis stage

Answer 6

2)Hexose biphosphate -> 2x Triose phosphate

via hydrolysis

Question 7

Glycolysis

-Explain the Oxidation stage

Answer 7

3)Dehydrogenase + coenzyme NAD hydrogen is removed from both triose phosphate molecules. H is accepted by both NAD molecules which causes them to be reduced (=NADH). Enzyme-controlled reactions convert both triose phosphate into pyruvate(3C) and in the process, 4ATP molecules are produced.

Question 8

What are the stages of Glycolysis?

Answer 8

Phosphorylation, Lysis, Oxidation

Question 9

What are the products of glycolysis?

Answer 9

2ATP (4 are produced but 2 are used in the initial phosphorylation of glucose)
2NADH
2Pyruvate

Question 10

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 10

Cytoplasm of cells

Question 11

Where does the link reaction and krebs cycle occur?

Answer 11

In the mitochondria

Question 12

What is the overall purpose of the link reaction?

Answer 12

The oxidation of pyruvate.

Question 13

What happens during the link reaction?

Answer 13

• Pyruvate in the cytoplasm is actively transported to the matric of the mitochondria.
• Pyruvate(3C) loses a CO2 molecule and two hydrogens and they are accepted by NAD to form NADH. This oxidizes the pyruvate to form acetate(2C).
• Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetylecoenzyme A.

Question 14

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

Answer 14

The matrix of the mitochondria

Question 15

What happens during the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 15

1)AcetylCoA(2C) combines with oxaloacetate(4C) to form citrate(6C).
2)Citrate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to form a 5C compound.
CO2 and NADH are released.
3)5c compound is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated again.
CO2 and NADH were released.
This causes substrate-level phosphorylation where one ATP is produced.
4)4C compound is dehydrogenated to produce reduced FADH2.
5)4C compound combines with a new Acetyl-coA.

Question 16

What are the stages in the Calvin Cycle? (LIS)

Answer 16

Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration