Mass Transport in Animals - Structure of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Why do large organisms have a transport system?

A
  • As the surface area to volume ratio decreases with increasing size, exchanging materials cannot occur from the body surface alone.
  • Required to exchange materials between cells and exchange surfaces.
  • Materials have to be transported between different parts of the organism due to specialised tissues and organs.
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2
Q

Which two factors determine whether there is a specialised transport system and whether or not it is circulated by a pump?

A
  • Surface Area to Volume ratio

- How active the organism is

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3
Q

What does a low surface area to volume ratio and an active organism require?

A

A specialised transport system with a pump

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4
Q

What are the common features of transport systems?

A
  • A suitable medium to carry materials. (Blood, air)
    Usually water based as water can readily dissolve substances and can be moved around easily.
  • Transport medium can be moved around in bulk over large distances, more rapid than diffusion.
  • A closed system of tubular vessels that contain the transport medium and forms a branching network to distribute the medium to all parts of the organism.
  • A mechanism for moving the transport medium within vessels, requiring a pressure difference between one part of the system and another.
    Achieved through one of two ways:
    1) Animals use muscular contraction, either of body muscles or of a pumping organ such as the heart.
    2) Plants rely on natural, passive processes such as the evaporation of water.
  • A mechanism to maintain mass flow movement in one direction (e.g valves)
  • A means of controlling the flow of the transport medium to suit the changing needs of different parts of the organism.
  • A mechanism for the mass flow of water or gases. (e.g Intercostal muscles and diaphragm during the breathing of mammals).
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5
Q

Why do mammals have a double circulatory system?

A
  • When blood is passed through the lungs , its pressure is reduced as the blood has to pass through the capillaries which are small but have a large surface area. This makes blood circulation very slow.
  • Another pump allows substances to be delivered to the rest of the body quickly which is needed as mammals have a high right of metabolism
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6
Q

What type of circulatory system do mammals have?

A
  • Closed meaning blood is confined to vessels

- Double meaning blood pass through the heart twice

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7
Q

What are the types of blood vessels?

A

Veins, arteries and capillaries

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8
Q

What are the chambers or the heart?

A

Right/Left Atrium

Right/Left Ventricle

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9
Q

What are the features of the atrium chamber?

A
  • Thin-walled

- Elastic and stretches to collect blood from the veins.

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10
Q

What are the features of the ventricle chamber?

A
  • Has much thicker muscular walls to contract strongly so that blood can be pumped into arteries.
    (Either to the lungs or to the rest of the body)
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11
Q

Where does the oxygenated blood go to in the heart?

A

The left side

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12
Q

Where does the deoxygenated blood go to in the heart?

A

The right side

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13
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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14
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A
  • Pumps blood to he rest of the body.

- Does this by having a thicker muscular wall which provides strong contractions.

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15
Q

How do the atria and ventricle contract?

A
  • Both of the same chambers contract at the same time (Both atria or both ventricles).
  • This allows the same volume of blood to be pumped.
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16
Q

What do valves do?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract.

17
Q

What are the valves in the heart called?

A
  • Left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve

- Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve

18
Q

What are pulmonary vessels?

A
  • Large blood vessels which connect to the heart.
19
Q

How many pulmonary vessels are there and why?

A

Four for each chamber

20
Q

What are the names of the pulmonary vessels?

A
  • Aorta
  • Vena cava
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary vein
21
Q

What are the features of the aorta?

A
  • Connected to the left ventricle

- Carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body besides the lungs

22
Q

What are the features of the vena cava?

A
  • Connected to the right atrium

- Brings deoxygenated blood back from the tissues of the body.

23
Q

What are the features of the pulmonary artery?

A
  • Connected to the right ventricle
  • Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs where oxygen is replenished and CO2 is removed.
  • It is unusual for an artery to carry deoxygenated blood.
24
Q

What are the features of the pulmonary vein?

A
  • Connected to the left atrium.
  • Brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs.
  • It is unusual for a vein to carry oxygenated blood.
25
Q

What is unusual about the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein?

A
  • They both carry the opposite type of blood that arteries and veins usually carry.
  • Arteries should carry oxygenated blood and veins should carry deoxygenated blood whereas the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein does the opposite.
26
Q

Which blood vessel supplies the oxygen for the heart to respire aerobically?

A

The coronary artery which branches off the aorta shortly after the blood leaves the heart.`