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slp1522: speech physiology and acoustics > respiration 1 > Flashcards

respiration 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of respiration related to speech support?

A

to generate enough alveolar or subglottal pressure

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2
Q

what are the 2 functions of the pleura?

A
  1. allows friction-free contact bw lung + thoracic surfaces
  2. provide protection
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3
Q

T or F: lungs are independently sealed within the pleura

A

true

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4
Q

what is the outer pleura called? inner pleura?

A
  • outer = parietal
  • inner = visceral
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5
Q

what is the intra-pleural fluid pressure? why is it critical?

A
  • -10 to -12 mmHg
  • the negative pressure allows lungs to expand w ribcage
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6
Q

what are the purposes of the submucous layer and cilia?

A
  • protection
  • cleaning
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7
Q

neurons in the _______ center synapse onto the diaphragm and _______ muscles to regulate breathing.

A
  • pontine C medullary respiratory center
  • intercostal muscles
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8
Q

functions of stretch receptors in lungs? what about mechanoreceptors in muscles/joints?

A

both tell you when to terminate inspiration and prolong expiration

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9
Q

functions of peripheral vs central chemosensors?

A
  • peripheral: sense CO2/pH in carotid arteries
  • central: sense CO2/pH in brain
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10
Q

what is boyle’s law?

A
  • pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional
  • increased volume = decreased pressure
  • decreased volume = increased pressure
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11
Q

what does positive vs negative pressure mean in relation to the atmosphere?

A
  • positive: greater than atmospheric
  • negative: less than atmospheric
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12
Q

T or F: only expiration is active

A

false – inspiration = active, expiration = passive (non-muscular)

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13
Q

what is the term for breathing normally

A

tidal breathing

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14
Q

which muscles are active during quiet inhalation?

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostals
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15
Q

what allows quiet expiration to be passive? (3)

A
  1. natural recoil of muscles
  2. cartilage torque
  3. gravity
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16
Q

what are the muscles of forced inhalation? (4)

A
  1. sternocleidomastoid
  2. scalene muscles
  3. external intercostals
  4. diaphragm
17
Q

what are the muscles of forced exhalation? (5)

A
  1. internal intercostals
  2. rectus abdominis
  3. external obliques
  4. internal obliques
  5. transversus abdominis
18
Q

what is the shape of the diaphragm during inhalation vs exhalation?

A
  • inhalation = flat (contracted)
  • exhalation = dome (relaxed)
19
Q

what does spirometry measure? (2)

A
  • volume
  • flow rate
20
Q

define inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

maximum volume of air inhaled beyond TV (1.9-3L)

21
Q

define tidal volume (TV)

A

volume of air inhaled/exhaled in a single respiratory cycle (0.5L)

22
Q

define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

maximum volume
of air exhaled beyond TV/passive exhalation (0.7-1.1L)

23
Q

define residual volume (RV)

A

volume of air in lungs at the end of maximum forced expiration (1.1-1.2L)

24
Q

define vital capacity (VC)

A

maximum volume that can be expired after a maximum inspiration (TV+IRV+ERV)

25
Q

define inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

maximum inspiratory volume after tidal expiration (TV+IRV)

26
Q

define functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

volume of air in lungs at end of passive exhalation (ERV + RV)

27
Q

define total lung capacity (TLC)

A

volume in pulmonary apparatus at end of maximum inspiration (sum of all volumes)

28
Q

which two capacities cannot be measured directly?

A
  • FRC
  • TLC
29
Q

how can we remove the residual volume?

A

trick question – you cant

30
Q

what is the importance of the residual volume? how much of it is there?

A
  • acts as a buffer
  • without it, our lungs would get completely emptied and we would need to breathe more often (this is also why babies breathe more often)
  • 150 cc
31
Q

what is a whole body plethysmograph?

A
  • measures FRC and TLC
  • change in volume/pressure in box is used to
    calculate unknown initial lung volume
32
Q

what is breathing rates for adults? what is the minute volume?

A
  • 12 breathes per min
  • 500cc/cycle = 6L/min
33
Q

what is breathing rate for babies when they are asleep?

A

24-116 cycles/min

34
Q

what causes hiccups?

A

forced inhalation due to contraction of diaphragm, closing of vocal folds, and negative pressure

slp1522: speech physiology and acoustics (23 decks)

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