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Resp structure function Flashcards

name and explain key terms used to describe different lung volumes - describe the anatomy of the pleural cavity - describe the relationship between parietal and visceral pleura - describe why parietal and visceral pleura are important for inflation and deflation of the lung.

1
Q

Lungs have a total volume of

A

6L

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2
Q

the lungs contains about __ at the end of normal inspiration

A

2.8L of air

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3
Q

The volume we normally (relaxed) breathe in and out in a breath is ___

This is called ____

A

500ml

the amount we breathe in and out at rest tidal volume

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4
Q

What is tidal volume

A

The volume of air we normally breathe in and out in a breath at rest

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5
Q

What is the functional residual capacity

A

The amount of air left inside our lungs at the end of a normal relaxed expiration

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6
Q

The amount of air left inside our lungs at the end of normal relaxed expiration is called ________________

A

Functional residual capacity

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7
Q

If we take a large breath to fill our lungs, we can top the normal _____ volume by ___

A

If we take a large breath to fill our lungs, we can top the normal Tidal volume by 3L

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8
Q

If we take a large breath to fill our lungs, this is called ____

A

If we take a large breath to fill our lungs, this is called inspiratory residual volume

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9
Q

what is inspiratory residual volume

A

If we take a large breath to fill our lungs

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10
Q

If we take a push extra volume out from our lungs, this is called ____

A

expiratory reserve volume

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11
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

If we take a push extra volume out from our lungs, this is called

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12
Q

how much air can we push out from our expiratory reserve volume

A

approx 1L+

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13
Q

what is Vital capacity

A

If we fill up total lung capacity using inspiratory reserve volume and then exhale the maximum we can manage this is the ______

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14
Q

If we fill up total lung capacity using inspiratory reserve volume and then exhale the maximum we can manage this is the ______

A

Vital capacity

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15
Q

volumes and capacity

what is volume

what is a capacity

A

volume - the single measurement somewhere

capacity - a number of volumes added together

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16
Q

What is residual volume

A

the volume of air left in our lungs after maximum expiratory effort

1-1.2L

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17
Q

What is the volume of air left in our lungs after maximum expiratory effort?

A

1-1.2L Residual volume

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18
Q

why is having residual volume (air left in lungs) at all times?

A

It stops the alveoli from collapsing.

alveoli - blind-ended sacs which expand during inspiration and surrounded elastic fibres which accommodate stretch. energy stores in elastic fibres are released and squeeze alveoli to let the air out. no energy is used - breathing is passive - the energy is used to expand chest wall

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19
Q

how is relaxed expiration passive?

A

alveoli - blind-ended sacs which expand during inspiration and surrounded elastic fibers which accommodate stretch. energy stores in elastic fibers are released and squeeze alveoli to let the air out. no energy is used - breathing is passive - the energy is used to expand the chest wall

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20
Q

how many pleural cavities do we have?

A

two and they do not communicate with each other.

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21
Q

what is the hilum of the lungs?

A

Is the point at which the lungs connect with the major airways or the airways are leaving/entering the lungs.

(great vessels: pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and primary bronchi)

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22
Q

what is the area in which the lungs connect with the major airways - or the airways are leaving/entering the lungs.

and what is in this area

A

the hilum of the lungs

(great vessels: pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and primary bronchi)

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23
Q

How much fluid is in the pleural cavity?

A

3ml of fluid in each cavity.

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24
Q

What surrounds the pleural cavity?

A

Plural membrane

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25
what are the aspects of the pleural membrane
parietal pleural membrane visceral pleural membrane
26
which part of pleural membrane is closest to ribs?
parietal pleural membrane. inferiorly would be stuck to diaphragm
27
which part of the pleural membrane is attached to the superficialside of the lungs
visceral pleural membrane
28
where is the visceral pleural membrane
the part of the pleural membrane that is attached to the superficial side of the lungs
29
What does the pleural membrane do in the forms of respiratory physiology
attaches the lungs to the ribcage and diaphragm to follow their movement.
30
what is the use of fluid in the pleural cavity between pleural membranes?
allow the parietal and visceral pleural membrane to glide over each other without sticking or friction
31
describe pleurisy what happens with pleural membrane
pleurisy is inflammation of pleural membranes - every breath is painful due to inflammation stopping smooth gliding between two pleural membranes
32
how does the aid of the pleural membrane in passive expiration
The visceral pleura stuck to the surface of the lung visceral pleura via cohesive force stuck to parietal pleura parietal pleura stuck tp rib cage and superior surface diaphragm chest wall leads the expansion of lungs in inspiration elastic connective tissue in lung recoils chest wall in (unforces expiration)
33
what happens if we lose the relationship between two pleural membranes?
pneumothorax - air introduced to the pleural membranes
34
explain the cohesive force of the pleural membranes
the end of normal expiration chest wants to expand more due to its muscle mechanics the elastic fibres surrounding alveoli want to recoil more as they are expanded. the cohesive force between the pleural membranes holding lungs to chest wall = equilibrium we feel relaxed
35
what does pneumothorax do to the chest wall and lung
this air enters membranes and the **equilibrium** between **elastic fibres** on alveoli wanting to **recoil** and the **chest wall wanting** to **expand** due to the mechanics of the muscle is disrupted chest expands away elastic recoil of lung = collapsed lung
36
Henry's law
PRESSURE IS RELATED TO VOLUME] INCREASE VOLUME = DECREASE PRESSURE DECREASE VOLUME = INCREASE PRESSURE
37
inspiration is aided by the muscles of \_\_
external intercostal muscles
38
what is responsible for most of the muscular activity for relaxed inspiration
diaphragm responsible for roughly 70%
39
for the heavy respiratory load which muscles may be used in respiration
scalene muscles and sternocleidomastoid mucsles
40
what muscles are used for relaxed expiration
we usually don't use any as expiration is mostly passive
41
what muscles are used for forced expiration?
internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
42
in inspiration what innervates what to contract it?
In inspiration, the phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm to contract it (flatten down) and increase volume of thoracic cavity
43
what innervates the diaphragm
the phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm to contract it (flatten down) and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity
44
when the diaphragm contracts what shape does this become?
**flat and thin** to increase thoracic volume
45
if the diaphragm is contracted what happens to thoracic volume and pressure
the thoracic volume is increased the pressure is decreased
46
is the pressure of the thoracic cavity is low what happens?
it is lower than atmospheric pressure - air will flow high pressure to low pressure - air will enter the lungs
47
in expiration what happenswith the phrenic nerve and diaphragm
the phrenic nerve **stops** innervating the diaphragm, it **stops** stimulating contraction = **relaxing of the diaphragm**. it goes back to a normal dome shape. taking up more thoracic space
48
what shape is the diaphragm when relaxed
it goes back to a normal dome shape. taking up more thoracic space
49
In the relaxing of the diaphragm what happens to the thoracic volume and pressure
the volume decreases and the pressure increases
50
in expiration what happens when the volume/pressure and airflow
This volume decreases which increases the pressure air flows from high pressure to low pressure - it's higher than atmospheric air flows out into the atmosphere
51
what part of respiration does one recognise asthma the most?
during expiration due to inappropriate constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, which narrows the airways and increases resistance normal healthy lungs have this resistance but the compression added to this in asthma it is noticed (wheeze)
52
relevant pressured for respiratory
Intra-thoracic pressure (alveolar) pressure (Pa) - the pressure inside the thoracic cavity may be +/- compared to atmospheric pressure Intra-pleural pressure (Pip) inside the pleural cavity, typically negative compared to atmospheric pressure Transpulmonary pressure (PT) difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure. Almost always + becuase (Pip) is negative in health (PT) = (Pa) - (Pip)
53
what is Intra-thoracic pressure?
Intra-thoracic pressure (alveolar) pressure (Pa) - the pressure inside the thoracic cavity may be +/- compared to atmospheric pressure
54
What is Intra-pleural pressure
Intra-pleural pressure (Pip) inside the pleural cavity, typically negative compared to atmospheric pressure
55
56
what is Transpulmonary pressure
Transpulmonary pressure (PT) difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure. Almost always + because (Pip) is negative in health (PT) = (Pa) - (Pip)
57
What is the equation to find Transpulmonary pressure
**(PT) = (Pa) - (Pip)** Intra-thoracic pressure (alveolar) pressure (Pa) - the pressure inside the thoracic cavity may be +/- compared to atmospheric pressure Intra-pleural pressure (Pip) inside the pleural cavity, typically negative compared to atmospheric pressure Transpulmonary pressure (PT) difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure. Almost always + becuase (Pip) is negative in health
58
What is a surfactant?
a detergent-like fluid produces by type 2 alveolar cells
59
what influence does surfactant have on the tension
reduces the surface tension of alveolar surface membrane - reducing the tendency for alveolar collapse.
60
when does surface tension occur?
where ever there is an air-water interface and refers to the attraction between water molecules
61
principle of surface tension and surfactant
water molecules are attracted to each other **surfactant** goes between **water molecules** stop them from attracting to each other - reduces attraction reduces surface **tension** that would cause alveoli to collapse
62
surfactant ___ lung compliance
increases lung compliance (distensibility)
63
surfactant ___ lungs tendency to recoil
reduces
64
Surfactant makes work of breathing \_\_\_\_\_
easier
65
is surfactant more effective in small or large alveoli? why?
surfactant is more effective in small alveoli than large because surfactant molecules come closer together and are therefore more concentrated
66
what is the relation of surfactant to premature babies?
surfactant production starts at 25 weeks gestation - completed by 26 weeks. premature babies suffer infant distress syndrome (IRDS)
67
Define compliance in relation to lungs
A change in volume relative to change in pressure - how much does volume change for any given change in pressure. **represents _stretchability_ of lungs (not elasticity)** High compliance = large increase in lung volume for a small decrease in IP pressure low compliance = small increase in lung volume for the large decrease in IP pressure.
68
high compliance =
**High compliance = large increase in lung volume for a small decrease in Ip Intracranial pressure** low compliance = small increase in lung volume for the large decrease in IP Intracranial pressure.
69
low compliance =
**low compliance = small increase in lung volume for the large decrease in IP Intracranial pressure.** High compliance = large increase in lung volume for a small decrease in Ip Intracranial pressure
70
Is high compliance good?
yes only if it is accompanied with high elasticity Emphysema = low elasticity which means high compliance to let o2 in, but doesn't have elasticity to let c02 out
71
is low compliance good?
no - never good fibrosis resisted stretch a lot of energy to let little air in to lungs. lungs lose compliance when we get older gradually
72
The systemic circulation is concerned with;
delivery of 02 to peripheral tissue delivery od c02 from peripheral rissue delivery of c02 to the heart
73
The pulmonary circulation is concerned with
collection of o2 from pulmonary veins removing c02 from pulmonary arteries
74
typical values of gas exchanged at the lungs are
250ml 02 and 200ml co2 **per minute**
75
The upper respiratory tract starts at the ___ and ends at the \_\_\_
The upper respiratory tract starts at the nose and ends at the larynx
76
The right lung has ___ lobes and ____ primary bronchi than the left`
3 lobes and wider primary bronchi than the left
77
The bulk of the alveolar wall is made up of
Type 1 alveolar cells
78
The first airway to lose their cartilaginous rings are the\_\_
upper bronchioles
79
where can gas exchange take place in the lungs?
alveoli
80
concerning the pleural cavity:
- the parietal and visceral pleural membranes are continuous with each other - pleural fluid effectively hold the parietal and visceral membranes against each other - pleural fluid allows the parietal and visceral membranes to glide across each other - the visceral membrane is attached to the surface of the lungs.
81
during pneumothorax, what happens?
- the relationship between the parietal and visceral layer is lost - intrapleural pressure equalised to atmospheric pressure - the lung collapses - the chest wall expands due to loss of counteracting force from elastic recoil of the lungs
82
inspiration occurs because
thoracic volume increases and alveolar pressure decreases
83
what do you **NOT** expect in a healthy person during any stage of the breathing cycle
a postivie intra-pleural pressure (pip) pip is always less than patmos is health so always negative
84
what do you expect to see in a normal healthy person in any stage of the breathing cycle
- a positive alveolar pressure - a negative alveolar pressure a negative intra-pleural pressure a positive transpulmonary pressure
85
at an atmospheric pressure of 7860mmHg alveolar pressure between breaths would be \_\_\_\_\_
pa = relative difference to patmos so when the two are equal the difference is 0 so pa is 0mmHg
86
Surfactant
decreases the attraction of water molecules on the surface of alveoli - decrease compliance is present from week 25 gestation is produced by type 2 alveolar cells
87

Medicine 1 (Year 1) (15 decks)

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