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Medicine 1 (Year 1) > Resp structure function > Flashcards

Resp structure function Flashcards

name and explain key terms used to describe different lung volumes - describe the anatomy of the pleural cavity - describe the relationship between parietal and visceral pleura - describe why parietal and visceral pleura are important for inflation and deflation of the lung.

1
Q

Lungs have a total volume of

A

6L

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2
Q

the lungs contains about __ at the end of normal inspiration

A

2.8L of air

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3
Q

The volume we normally (relaxed) breathe in and out in a breath is ___

This is called ____

A

500ml

the amount we breathe in and out at rest tidal volume

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4
Q

What is tidal volume

A

The volume of air we normally breathe in and out in a breath at rest

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5
Q

What is the functional residual capacity

A

The amount of air left inside our lungs at the end of a normal relaxed expiration

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6
Q

The amount of air left inside our lungs at the end of normal relaxed expiration is called ________________

A

Functional residual capacity

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7
Q

If we take a large breath to fill our lungs, we can top the normal _____ volume by ___

A

If we take a large breath to fill our lungs, we can top the normal Tidal volume by 3L

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8
Q

If we take a large breath to fill our lungs, this is called ____

A

If we take a large breath to fill our lungs, this is called inspiratory residual volume

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9
Q

what is inspiratory residual volume

A

If we take a large breath to fill our lungs

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10
Q

If we take a push extra volume out from our lungs, this is called ____

A

expiratory reserve volume

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11
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

If we take a push extra volume out from our lungs, this is called

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12
Q

how much air can we push out from our expiratory reserve volume

A

approx 1L+

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13
Q

what is Vital capacity

A

If we fill up total lung capacity using inspiratory reserve volume and then exhale the maximum we can manage this is the ______

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14
Q

If we fill up total lung capacity using inspiratory reserve volume and then exhale the maximum we can manage this is the ______

A

Vital capacity

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15
Q

volumes and capacity

what is volume

what is a capacity

A

volume - the single measurement somewhere

capacity - a number of volumes added together

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16
Q

What is residual volume

A

the volume of air left in our lungs after maximum expiratory effort

1-1.2L

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17
Q

What is the volume of air left in our lungs after maximum expiratory effort?

A

1-1.2L Residual volume

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18
Q

why is having residual volume (air left in lungs) at all times?

A

It stops the alveoli from collapsing.

alveoli - blind-ended sacs which expand during inspiration and surrounded elastic fibres which accommodate stretch. energy stores in elastic fibres are released and squeeze alveoli to let the air out. no energy is used - breathing is passive - the energy is used to expand chest wall

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19
Q

how is relaxed expiration passive?

A

alveoli - blind-ended sacs which expand during inspiration and surrounded elastic fibers which accommodate stretch. energy stores in elastic fibers are released and squeeze alveoli to let the air out. no energy is used - breathing is passive - the energy is used to expand the chest wall

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20
Q

how many pleural cavities do we have?

A

two and they do not communicate with each other.

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21
Q

what is the hilum of the lungs?

A

Is the point at which the lungs connect with the major airways or the airways are leaving/entering the lungs.

(great vessels: pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and primary bronchi)

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22
Q

what is the area in which the lungs connect with the major airways - or the airways are leaving/entering the lungs.

and what is in this area

A

the hilum of the lungs

(great vessels: pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and primary bronchi)

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23
Q

How much fluid is in the pleural cavity?

A

3ml of fluid in each cavity.

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24
Q

What surrounds the pleural cavity?

A

Plural membrane

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25
Q

what are the aspects of the pleural membrane

A

parietal pleural membrane

visceral pleural membrane

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26
Q

which part of pleural membrane is closest to ribs?

A

parietal pleural membrane.

inferiorly would be stuck to diaphragm

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27
Q

which part of the pleural membrane is attached to the superficialside of the lungs

A

visceral pleural membrane

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28
Q

where is the visceral pleural membrane

A

the part of the pleural membrane that is attached to the superficial side of the lungs

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29
Q

What does the pleural membrane do in the forms of respiratory physiology

A

attaches the lungs to the ribcage and diaphragm to follow their movement.

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30
Q

what is the use of fluid in the pleural cavity between pleural membranes?

A

allow the parietal and visceral pleural membrane to glide over each other without sticking or friction

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31
Q

describe pleurisy what happens with pleural membrane

A

pleurisy is inflammation of pleural membranes - every breath is painful due to inflammation stopping smooth gliding between two pleural membranes

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32
Q

how does the aid of the pleural membrane in passive expiration

A

The visceral pleura stuck to the surface of the lung

visceral pleura via cohesive force stuck to parietal pleura

parietal pleura stuck tp rib cage and superior surface diaphragm

chest wall leads the expansion of lungs in inspiration

elastic connective tissue in lung recoils chest wall in (unforces expiration)

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33
Q

what happens if we lose the relationship between two pleural membranes?

A

pneumothorax - air introduced to the pleural membranes

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34
Q

explain the cohesive force of the pleural membranes

A

the end of normal expiration chest wants to expand more due to its muscle mechanics

the elastic fibres surrounding alveoli want to recoil more as they are expanded.

the cohesive force between the pleural membranes holding lungs to chest wall = equilibrium we feel relaxed

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35
Q

what does pneumothorax do to the chest wall and lung

A

this air enters membranes and the equilibrium between elastic fibres on alveoli wanting to recoil and the chest wall wanting to expand due to the mechanics of the muscle is disrupted

chest expands away

elastic recoil of lung = collapsed lung

36
Q

Henry’s law

A

PRESSURE IS RELATED TO VOLUME]

INCREASE VOLUME = DECREASE PRESSURE

DECREASE VOLUME = INCREASE PRESSURE

37
Q

inspiration is aided by the muscles of __

A

external intercostal muscles

38
Q

what is responsible for most of the muscular activity for relaxed inspiration

A

diaphragm responsible for roughly 70%

39
Q

for the heavy respiratory load which muscles may be used in respiration

A

scalene muscles and sternocleidomastoid mucsles

40
Q

what muscles are used for relaxed expiration

A

we usually don’t use any as expiration is mostly passive

41
Q

what muscles are used for forced expiration?

A

internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles

42
Q

in inspiration what innervates what to contract it?

A

In inspiration, the phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm to contract it (flatten down) and increase volume of thoracic cavity

43
Q

what innervates the diaphragm

A

the phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm to contract it (flatten down) and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity

44
Q

when the diaphragm contracts what shape does this become?

A

flat and thin to increase thoracic volume

45
Q

if the diaphragm is contracted what happens to thoracic volume and pressure

A

the thoracic volume is increased

the pressure is decreased

46
Q

is the pressure of the thoracic cavity is low what happens?

A

it is lower than atmospheric pressure - air will flow high pressure to low pressure - air will enter the lungs

47
Q

in expiration what happenswith the phrenic nerve and diaphragm

A

the phrenic nerve stops innervating the diaphragm, it stops stimulating contraction = relaxing of the diaphragm. it goes back to a normal dome shape. taking up more thoracic space

48
Q

what shape is the diaphragm when relaxed

A

it goes back to a normal dome shape. taking up more thoracic space

49
Q

In the relaxing of the diaphragm what happens to the thoracic volume and pressure

A

the volume decreases and the pressure increases

50
Q

in expiration what happens when the volume/pressure and airflow

A

This volume decreases which increases the pressure

air flows from high pressure to low pressure - it’s higher than atmospheric

air flows out into the atmosphere

51
Q

what part of respiration does one recognise asthma the most?

A

during expiration due to inappropriate constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, which narrows the airways and increases resistance

normal healthy lungs have this resistance but the compression added to this in asthma it is noticed (wheeze)

52
Q

relevant pressured for respiratory

A

Intra-thoracic pressure (alveolar) pressure (Pa) - the pressure inside the thoracic cavity may be +/- compared to atmospheric pressure

Intra-pleural pressure (Pip) inside the pleural cavity, typically negative compared to atmospheric pressure

Transpulmonary pressure (PT) difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure. Almost always + becuase (Pip) is negative in health

(PT) = (Pa) - (Pip)

53
Q

what is Intra-thoracic pressure?

A

Intra-thoracic pressure (alveolar) pressure (Pa) - the pressure inside the thoracic cavity may be +/- compared to atmospheric pressure

54
Q

What is Intra-pleural pressure

A

Intra-pleural pressure (Pip) inside the pleural cavity, typically negative compared to atmospheric pressure

55
Q
A
56
Q

what is Transpulmonary pressure

A

Transpulmonary pressure (PT) difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure. Almost always + because (Pip) is negative in health

(PT) = (Pa) - (Pip)

57
Q

What is the equation to find Transpulmonary pressure

A

(PT) = (Pa) - (Pip)

Intra-thoracic pressure (alveolar) pressure (Pa) - the pressure inside the thoracic cavity may be +/- compared to atmospheric pressure

Intra-pleural pressure (Pip) inside the pleural cavity, typically negative compared to atmospheric pressure

Transpulmonary pressure (PT) difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure. Almost always + becuase (Pip) is negative in health

58
Q

What is a surfactant?

A

a detergent-like fluid produces by type 2 alveolar cells

59
Q

what influence does surfactant have on the tension

A

reduces the surface tension of alveolar surface membrane - reducing the tendency for alveolar collapse.

60
Q

when does surface tension occur?

A

where ever there is an air-water interface and refers to the attraction between water molecules

61
Q

principle of surface tension and surfactant

A

water molecules are attracted to each other

surfactant goes between water molecules stop them from attracting to each other - reduces attraction

reduces surface tension that would cause alveoli to collapse

62
Q

surfactant ___ lung compliance

A

increases lung compliance (distensibility)

63
Q

surfactant ___ lungs tendency to recoil

A

reduces

64
Q

Surfactant makes work of breathing _____

A

easier

65
Q

is surfactant more effective in small or large alveoli? why?

A

surfactant is more effective in small alveoli than large because surfactant molecules come closer together and are therefore more concentrated

66
Q

what is the relation of surfactant to premature babies?

A

surfactant production starts at 25 weeks gestation - completed by 26 weeks. premature babies suffer infant distress syndrome (IRDS)

67
Q

Define compliance in relation to lungs

A

A change in volume relative to change in pressure - how much does volume change for any given change in pressure.

represents stretchability of lungs (not elasticity)

High compliance = large increase in lung volume for a small decrease in IP pressure

low compliance = small increase in lung volume for the large decrease in IP pressure.

68
Q

high compliance =

A

High compliance = large increase in lung volume for a small decrease in Ip Intracranial pressure

low compliance = small increase in lung volume for the large decrease in IP Intracranial pressure.

69
Q

low compliance =

A

low compliance = small increase in lung volume for the large decrease in IP Intracranial pressure.

High compliance = large increase in lung volume for a small decrease in Ip Intracranial pressure

70
Q

Is high compliance good?

A

yes only if it is accompanied with high elasticity

Emphysema = low elasticity which means high compliance to let o2 in, but doesn’t have elasticity to let c02 out

71
Q

is low compliance good?

A

no - never good

fibrosis resisted stretch a lot of energy to let little air in to lungs.

lungs lose compliance when we get older gradually

72
Q

The systemic circulation is concerned with;

A

delivery of 02 to peripheral tissue

delivery od c02 from peripheral rissue

delivery of c02 to the heart

73
Q

The pulmonary circulation is concerned with

A

collection of o2 from pulmonary veins

removing c02 from pulmonary arteries

74
Q

typical values of gas exchanged at the lungs are

A

250ml 02 and 200ml co2 per minute

75
Q

The upper respiratory tract starts at the ___ and ends at the ___

A

The upper respiratory tract starts at the nose and ends at the larynx

76
Q

The right lung has ___ lobes and ____ primary bronchi than the left`

A

3 lobes and wider primary bronchi than the left

77
Q

The bulk of the alveolar wall is made up of

A

Type 1 alveolar cells

78
Q

The first airway to lose their cartilaginous rings are the__

A

upper bronchioles

79
Q

where can gas exchange take place in the lungs?

A

alveoli

80
Q

concerning the pleural cavity:

A
  • the parietal and visceral pleural membranes are continuous with each other
  • pleural fluid effectively hold the parietal and visceral membranes against each other
  • pleural fluid allows the parietal and visceral membranes to glide across each other
  • the visceral membrane is attached to the surface of the lungs.
81
Q

during pneumothorax, what happens?

A
  • the relationship between the parietal and visceral layer is lost
  • intrapleural pressure equalised to atmospheric pressure
  • the lung collapses
  • the chest wall expands due to loss of counteracting force from elastic recoil of the lungs
82
Q

inspiration occurs because

A

thoracic volume increases and alveolar pressure decreases

83
Q

what do you NOT expect in a healthy person during any stage of the breathing cycle

A

a postivie intra-pleural pressure (pip)

pip is always less than patmos is health so always negative

84
Q

what do you expect to see in a normal healthy person in any stage of the breathing cycle

A
  • a positive alveolar pressure
  • a negative alveolar pressure

a negative intra-pleural pressure

a positive transpulmonary pressure

85
Q

at an atmospheric pressure of 7860mmHg alveolar pressure between breaths would be

_____

A

pa = relative difference to patmos so when the two are equal the difference is 0 so pa is 0mmHg

86
Q

Surfactant

A

decreases the attraction of water molecules on the surface of alveoli

  • decrease compliance

is present from week 25 gestation

is produced by type 2 alveolar cells

87
Q
A

Medicine 1 (Year 1) (15 decks)

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