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Medicine 1 (Year 1) > Cardiac physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

bulk flow system to transport:

oxygen and carbon dioxide nutrients metabolites hormones

heat

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2
Q

explain how the cvs is flexible

A

the pump can vary the output

vessels can redirect blood

vessels can store blood

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3
Q

in the cvs output is___

A

in series - it is equal

beds are in parallel

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4
Q

most vascular beds are in parallell what does this mean?

A

all tissues get oxygenated blood

this allows regional redirection of blood

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5
Q

what is d-dimer?

A

D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product, a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis.

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6
Q

which vascular beds are arranged in parallell?

A

head, legs, arms

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7
Q

which vascular beds are arranged in series

A

liver and gut

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8
Q

out of the vessel beds that work in series, which organ has its own blood supply?

A

liver (hepatic portal system)

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9
Q

how much flow og blood goes to which organs?

A

brain 650ml/min (13%)

heart 215ml/min (4%)

skeletal mucle 1030 (20%)

skin 430ml (9%)

kidney 950 ml/min (20%)

abdominal organs 1200ml/min (24%)

other 525 (10%
**total** 5000ml/min 100%
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10
Q

why is it good to have blood vessel output working in parallel?

A

you can have redirection of blood flow to needed areas

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11
Q

what is total cardiac output?

A

5L per minute

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12
Q

how much oxygen comsumption occurs from which organs?

A

organ gets % of cardiac output oxygen consumption%

Brain 13% 18%

Skeletal muscle 20% 20%

skin 9% 2%

kidney 20% 6%

Abdominal organs 10% 14%

other 10% 14%

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13
Q

which organs receive more blood than it needs and why?

A

kidneys receive 30% of o2 but only uses 6% this is for filtration purposes more than the delivery of 02 to the tissue.

skin - for thermoregulation - get rid of heat

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14
Q

which organ receives less cardiac output than the o2 it consumes?

A

the heart

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15
Q

physics of pressure

A

flow = pressure difference / resistance

pressure difference = mean arterial pressure - central venous pressure affects all tissues

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16
Q

MAP and central venous pressure

A

mean arterial pressure is the blood leaving theheart

and the blood coming back in the the right side of the heart is the central venous pressure

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17
Q

calculating mean arterial pressure

A

double the diastolic pressure

add the sum to the systolic pressure and divide by 3.

e.g. 83/50 = 50x2+83 / 3 = MAP 61

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18
Q

what is resistance controlled by?

A

the radius of blood vessels

arterioles are important - especially in exercise e.g. gut

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19
Q

what is the name of the vessels taking blood away from heart?

A

arteries

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20
Q

arteries then break down into ___ and responsible for controlling __

A

arteries then break down into arterioles and are responsible for controlling blood flow

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21
Q

which vessels are responsible for exchange of nutrients, o2, co2 etc?

A

capillaries

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22
Q

blood leave the capillaries and go into ___

A

venuoles

23
Q

what larger vessels bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

A

veins

24
Q

why are venules and veins larger vessels?

A

they store a lot of blood

25
Q

roughly how much of your blood can be stored in venules and veins?

A

2/3 of your blood

26
Q

The cardiovascular system is a ____ system for ____

A

The cardiovascular system is a bulk flow system for transporting nutrients,o2,co2, heat, nutrients, metabolites around the body

27
Q

the two sides of the heart are plumbed in_________

A

pumped in serial

28
Q

Most vascular beds are plumbed in ______

A

parallel

29
Q

___ are resistance vessels and control the _____ of blood

A

arterioles are resistance vessels and control the regional flow of blood

30
Q

____ and __ are capacitance vessels and control the ____ of blood

A

venules and veins are capacitance vessels and control the fractional distribution of blood

31
Q

define cardiovascular system

A

An organ system that conveys blood through vessels to and from all parts of the body. comprises of the: Heart Vessels and Blood

responsible for the transport of 02, C02, nutrients, metabolites, Hormones and heat

It is a closed tubular system in which the blood is propelled by a muscular heart.

32
Q

describe the structure of (CVS) aorta

A
  • elastic artery - wide lumen (low pressure), thick wall, elastic wall - damp pressure variations

The media, (middle) layer has muscle and elastic fibres, which allows the aorta to expand and contract with each heartbeat.

The adventitia, (outer) layer, provides additional support and structure to the aorta.

33
Q

describe the structure of (CVS) arteries

A

muscular arteries = other arteries - wide lumen, strong non-elastic wall - low resistance conduit

  • little resistance. muscular and ridgid.

get blood out periphery with little drop in pressure as possible

34
Q

describe the structure of (CVS) arterioles

A

resistance vessels: narrow lumen,thick contractile walls.

control resistance and therefore flow

allow regional redirection of blood

can contract and relax to control flow

35
Q

describe the structure of (CVS) capillaries

A

narrow (1 cell thick) lumen very thin valled for easy diffusion/gas exchange.

large surface area ratio. thin wall - small diffusion distance.

36
Q

describe the structure of (CVS) Venules and veins

A

Capacitance vessels = wide lumen, distensible wall (absorb blood and store)

  • low resistance conduit and reservoir (capacitance vessels)

allows fractional distribution of blood (stored to what is circulating). between veins and rest of circulation

37
Q

QRS in chest leads v1 and v2 are usually

A

negative.

38
Q

what is the gold standard for diagnosing angiosarcoma, what is there a risk of with this?

A

Biopsy

but it should be avoided due to the risk of severe bleeding.

39
Q

What class of antiarrhythmics are Ca channel blockers?

A

Class IV

40
Q

The first line of treatment for symptomatic premature atrial contractions is (drug class) .

A

beta blockers

41
Q

During ventricular ejection, left ventricular pressure remains __ because the ventricle is contracting.

A

high

42
Q

____ is preferred for diagnosing premature ventricular contractions and why?

A

Holter monitoring

because it records the cardiac electrical activity over a prolonged time.

43
Q

______ number is used to predict whether blood flow will be laminar or turbulent.

A

Reynolds

44
Q

The structure of the heart

A

left and right operate differently with a ventricular septum in the centre.

wall heart myocardium - thicker left than right as left builds up to bigger pressure to push blood to systemic circulation than the right which pushes to the pulmonary circulation

45
Q

what is the receiving chamber of heart?

A

atrium

46
Q

what may you also hear the aortic and pulmonary valves being called?

A

semi lunar

47
Q

which separated left atrium from left ventricle? how many cusps?

A

mitral valve - 2

48
Q

what valve separated right atrium from right ventricle? how many cusps?

A

tricuspid - 3 valves

49
Q

the mitral and tricuspid semi lunar aortic and pulmonary valves are ____

A

passive - meaning they open and close as a result of the pressure on each side of them

50
Q

the mitral valve and tricuspid valves are in large ventricles. The calves are thin. what stops them from turning inside out?

A

cordae tendinae

51
Q

what is the purpose of cordae tendinae?

A

to stop the valves from inverting

as heart contracts these are shorter, so papillary muscle is present to contract at same time as heart (attached to cordae tendinae)

52
Q

as the heart contracts, the length of the cordae tendinae is shorter. what helps the corinae tendinae prevent the valves from inverting?

A

so papillary muscle is present to contract at the same time as the heart. They contract to keep cordae tendinae appropriate length to stop valves inverting

53
Q
A

Medicine 1 (Year 1) (15 decks)

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