resp pathology Flashcards
what are the microscopic and macroscopic histopathological features of:
pulmonary oedema
and how do they correlate to clinical features?
Heavy watery lungs, intra-alveolar fluid on histology
fluid in alveolar spaces
causes Poor gas exchange therefore hypoxia and respiratory failure.
what are the microscopic and macroscopic histopathological features of:
Acute lung injury
and how do they correlate to clinical features?
presents as ARDS in adults & Hyaline disease in newborn.
pathology is same: Diffuse alveolar damage
causes: death, infection, scarring, or resolves
what are the microscopic and macroscopic histopathological features of:
Asthma
○ There are a lot of eosinophils and mast cells
○ You will also see goblet cell hyperplasia
○ Mucus plugs can be seen within the airway
○ The bronchial smooth muscle becomes thick and the blood vessels become dilated
- curshman spiral; mucus plugs
- charco leyden crystal: esinophils
what are the microscopic and macroscopic histopathological features of:
COPD - chronic bronchitis
and how do they correlate to clinical features?
Dilated airways
Mucus gland hyperplasia
Goblet cell hyperplasia
Mild inflammation
correlate to clinical features:
that’s why they have chronic cough productive of sputum
what are the microscopic and macroscopic histopathological features of:
COPD - emphysema
and how do they correlate to clinical features?
Histology:
loss of the alveolar parenchyma
distal to the terminal bronchiole
smoking: Loss centred on bronchiole - CENTRILOBULAR
a1 antitryp deficiency : Diffuse loss of alveolae - PANACINAR
clinical:
hence chronic SOB
- resulting large airspace/bullae = pneumothorax risk
what are the microscopic and macroscopic histopathological features of:
Bronchiectasis
and how do they correlate to clinical features?
Permanent abnormal dilatation of bronchi
Inflamed, scarred/fibrosed lungs with dilated airways
can cause mucus plugs
clinically:
chronic cough with mucus production
what are the microscopic and macroscopic histopathological features of:
cystic fibrosis
and how do they correlate to clinical features?
histopath:
exocrine glands produce abnormally thick mucus secretion
clinical:
recurring chest infections
wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath and damage to the airways (bronchiectasis)
what are the microscopic and macroscopic histopathological features of:
pulmonary infections
and how do they correlate to clinical features?
Bronchopneumonia Histopath:
- Acute inflammation, with Patchy bronchial and peribronchial distribution, and within alveoli often lower lobes
Lobar pneumonia histopath:
- Congestion: Hyperaemia, Intra-alveolar fluid
- Red hepatization: Intra-alveolar neutrophils
- Grey hepatization: Intra-alveolar connective tissue
- Resolution: Restoration normal architecture.
clinical:
Shortness of breath, cough, fever, purulent sputum - as these are responses to infections processes
most common cause of lobar pneumonia?
90-95% pneumococci (S. pneumoniae)
A Collection of histiocytes/macrophages +/- multinucleate giant cells, Necrotising or non necrotising is indicative of?
Tuberculosis
this is describing a grnauloma
○ Interstitial inflammation (pneumonitis) without accumulation of intra-alveolar inflammatory cells
○ Chronic inflammatory cells within alveolar septa with oedema with or without viral inclusions
are indicative of ?
atypical pneumonia
Haemorrhagic infarct in the lung parenchyma are indicative of?
pulmonary emboli
list the malignant lung cancers, in their groups
NON-small cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma - SCC (30%)
Adenocarcinoma (30%)
Large cell carcinoma (20%)
SMALL cell carcinoma
Small cell carcinoma - SCC (20%)
smoking is most closely associated with which lung cancers?
squamous cell carcinoma - SCC
small cell carcinoma - SCC
what is the multistep pathway to the Development of Carcinoma?
metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma-in-situ to invasive carcinoma
these are the histopath features seen on Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
