Resp./Dig./Uri./Rep. Lab Flashcards
Where is the nasal cavity located?
The space within the internal nose.
Where are the nostrils located?
Undersurface of the external nose.
What is another name for nostrils?
external nares
Where is the nasal vestibule located?
The anterior portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils.
Where is the nasal conchae located?
Three “shelves” (Superior, middle and inferior) extend out of each lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
Where is the sphenoid sinus located?
Within sphenoid bone; inferior to sella turcica, superior to the nasopharynx and posterior to superior nasal meatus.
Where is the frontal sinus located?
Within frontal bone above bridge of the nose.
Where is the hard palate located?
Anterior roof of mouth
Where is the soft palate located?
Posterior roof of mouth
Where is uvula located?
Projection from posterior edge of soft palate.
Where is the superior portion of the pharynx located and what is it called?
Nasopharynx: posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate.
Where is the middle portion of the pharynx located and what is it called?
Oropharynx: posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate inferiorly to the level of the hyoid bone.
Where is the inferior portion of the pharynx located and what is it called?
Laryngopharynx: begins at level of hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus posteriorly and larynx anteriorly.
Where is the larynx located?
In the midline of the neck anterior to the esophagus; connects laryngopharynx with the trachea.
Where is the epiglottis located and what does it do?
Stem is attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone; leaf is unattached and covers larynx during swallowing.
Where is the glottis located and what does it consist of?
Within trachea; consists of vocal folds, vestibular folds and the space between these folds.
Where is the thyroid cartilage located?
(Adam’s apple) Consists of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx and give it a triangular shape.
Where is the cricoid cartilage located?
A ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx. Superior to the trachea.
Which folds are the vocal folds and which are the vestibular folds in the trachea?
The vocal folds are in the middle (the “inner lips”) of the trachea
Where are c-shaped tracheal cartilages located?
C-shaped hyaline cartilages stacked within trachea, with the open part facing posteriorly towards esophagus.
Where is the trachealis muscle located?
Transverse smooth muscle fibers lining posterior trachea.
Where is the carina located?
At the point where trachea divides into right and left bronchi.
Where are primary bronchi located?
Tubes formed by the division of the trachea into right and left.
Where are secondary bronchi located? [Alternate name?]
[lobar bronchi] Primary bronchi divide into one secondary bronchi for each lobe of the lung. (Right: 3 Left: 2)
Where are tertiary bronchi located? [Alternate name?]
[segmental bronchi] Branching of secondary bronchi
Where are bronchioles located?
Terminal tubes from branching of tertiary bronchi
What is a bronchopulmonary segment? (4 components to answer)
(1) A discrete anatomical and functional unit containing (2) one tertiary (segmental) bronchus, (3) a pulmonary artery and a bronchial artery, and (4) veins and lymphatics.
Where are lungs located?
paired cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity
Where is lung apex located?
The narrow superior portion of the lung.
Where is the lung base?
The broad inferior portion of the lung (concave surface)
Where is the lung costal surface?
The surface of the lung adjacent (underneath) to the ribs.
What are superior lobes of the lungs?
Uppermost lobes found in both left and right lungs.
What is the middle lobe of the lungs?
The intermediate lobe found only in right lung.
What is the inferior lobes of the lungs?
Inferiormost lobes found in both left and right lungs.
What is the cardiac notch of the lungs?
An angular notch in the left lung where the heart lies.
The heart is ______ to the lungs (anatomical relationship)
Medial
What are the three surfaces of the lungs?
- Costal surface
- Mediastinal (medial) surface
- Diaphragmatic
Where is the hilum located?
A region in mediastinal surface of lung through which bronchi, blood vessels and nerves enter and exit.
What is the root of the lung?
A bundle of structures comprised of bronchi, blood vessels and nerves. Joins the lung at the hilum.
What is the difference between bronchial and pulmonary arteries?
Bronchial arteries deliver nutrients to lungs and pulmonary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to be oxygenated.
What is the pleural membrane?
A double-layered serous membrane enclosing each lung
Where is the parietal pleura located?
The superficial layer of pleural membrane lining thoracic cavity
Where is the visceral pleura located?
The deep layer of the pleural membrane lining each lung.
Where is the diaphragm located?
A sheet of skeletal muscle extending across bottom of rib cage.
Where are the external intercostals located?
Between each ribs. Fibers run downward and medially (like fingers with hands in your pockets)
What happens to tidal volume during vigorous exercise?
increase in order to exhale more carbon dioxide produced from increased cellular respiration
What happens to Inspiratory Reserve volume during vigorous exercise?
(IRV) will decrease. This is due to the increase in TV consuming some of the extra volume that is normally considered IRV.
What happens to expiratory reserve volume during vigorous exercise?
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) will decrease but less than the inspiratory reserve volume. Although it is beneficial to blow out more air by using some of the ERV in order to remove as much carbon dioxide as possible, it takes significantly more muscle contraction to consume ERV compared to IRV.
What happens to residual volume during vigorous exercise?
Residual volume (RV) will stay the same. By definition RV is the volume of air that is never fully removed even after a forceful exhalation.
What is tidal volume?
that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume?
the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?
the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position
What is Vital Capacity?
the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation.
What is residual volume?
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
What is inspiratory capacity?
the sum of IRV and TV
What is functional residual capacity?
the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position (quiet breathing); decreases as tidal volume increases
What is total lung capacity?
the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV.
What are two reasons why vital capacity is important?
A normal vital capacity indicates:
- Tissues can be oxygenated (including brain)
- Lungs are healthy
Where is the esophagus located?
Posterior to the trachea
Where is gastroesophageal sphincter located?
Junction between esophagus and stomach
Where is stomach located?
J-shaped enlargement directly inferior to the diaphragm
Where is the greater curvature of the stomach located?
On the “outside” edge of the J shape
Where is the lesser curvature of the stomach located?
On the “inner” edge of the J shape
Where is the Fundus of the stomach located?
The rounded portion superior to and to the left of the cardia of the stomach
Where is the cardia of the stomach located?
Surrounds the superior opening of the stomach
Where is the body of the stomach located?
Large potion of stomach inferior to the fundus
Where is the pylorus of the stomach located?
The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum
Where is the pyloric sphincter of the stomach located?
The junction of the pylorus and the duodenum
Where is the small intestine located?
Long skinny tube attached to pylorus of stomach
What are the three regions of the small intestine?
- Duodenum (shortest)
- Jejunum
- Ileum (longest)
Where is the duodenum located?
Starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and extends about 25 cm until it merges with the jejunum.
Where is the jejunum located?
Starts after duodenum and extends about 1 m to the ileum.
Where is the ileum located?
Starts after jejunum and extends about 2 m to the large intestine.
Where is the ileocecal valve/sphincter located?
At the junction between the ileum and the small intestine.
What are villi?
Finger like projections of the walls of the small intestine that increase surface area.
What are microvilli?
Finger like projections on villi that further increase surface area.
Where is the large intestine located?
After the small intestine
Where is the cecum located?
A small pouch hanging inferior to the ileocecal valve
Where is the appendix located?
A twisted, coiled tube attached to cecum
Where is ascending colon located?
First part of colon after cecum; ascends towards liver
What is the right colic (hepatic) flexure?
The nearly right angle made between ascending colon and transverse colon near inferior surface of the liver
Where is transverse colon located?
Second part of colon; travels transverse across body until it reaches spleen
What is left colic (splenic) flexure?
The nearly right angle made between transverse colon and descending colon near inferior surface of spleen
Where is descending colon located?
Third part of colon; descends to the level of the iliac crest
Where is the sigmoid colon located?
(S-shaped) (1) Begins near the left iliac crest, (2_ projects medially to midline, and (3) terminates as the rectum at about the (4) level of the third sacral vertabra.
What are haustra?
series of pouches on colon
What are teniae coli?
Three conspicuous smooth muscle ribbons that run the length of the large intestine.
Where is the liver located?
Inferior to the diaphragm and occupies most of the right hypochondriac and part of the epigastric regions of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Where is the gallbladder located?
A pear-shaped sac located in a depression of the posterior surface of the liver
Describe the flow of bile between the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine
- Right and left hepatic ducts merge and form common hepatic duct
- The common hepatic duct joins the cystic duct (from gallbladder) to form the common bile duct.
- Common bile duct empties into small intestine.
Where is the pancreas located?
Lies posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach (lies obliquely so that the head rests in loop of duodenum and the tail sticks out past stomach)
What is the head of the pancreas?
Expanded portion of the organ near the curve of the duodenum
What is the tail of the pancreas?
the tapering portion of the organ that is superior and to the left of the head
What are the five (5) major folds of the peritoneum?
- the greater omentum
- the lesser omentum
- falciform ligament
- mesentery
- mesocolon
Describe the mesentery
Fan-shaped fold of peritoneum binds jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdomintal wall. Extends from posterior abdominal wall to wrap around the small intestine and then returns to its original position forming a double layer.
What types of biomolecules are digested in the mouth?
Carbohydrates
What types of biomolecules are digested in the stomach?
Proteins and Fats
What types of biomolecules are digested in the small intestine?
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids
What three things are required for optimal digestion?
- Presence of enzyme
- Presence of appropriate substrate
- Optimal environment (temp. and pH)
Where are the kidneys located?
Reddish, kidney-bean shaped organs located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen.
Where is the renal medulla located?
Deep layer of kidney
Where is the renal capsule located?
Superficial, light red area of kidney
Where is the renal cortex located?
Intermediate darker reddish-brown region of kidney
Where are the renal pyramids located?
Several cone-shaped regions constituting the renal medulla
Where are the renal columns located?
Portions of the renal cortex that extend between renal pyramids
Where is the minor calyx located?
Chambers that surround the apex of renal pyramids
Where is the major calyx located?
Two or three minor calyces merge to form a major calyx
Where is the renal pelvis located?
Point of convergence of two or three major calyces
Where are the ureters located?
Smooth muscle tubes that propel urine from kidneys to bladders.
Where is the urinary bladder located?
Urinary bladder sits on the pelvic floor posterior to the pubic symphysis.
Where is the trigone located?
Small triangular area within the bladder
Where is the urethra located?
A small tube leading from urinary bladder to the exterior of the body
What is ketonuria?
Presence of ketones in the urine
What is glycosuria?
Presence of glucose in the urine
What is hematuria?
Presence of blood in the urine
What is pyuria?
Presence of pus in the urine
What is albuminuria?
Presence of albumin in the urine
What is hemoglobinuria?
Presence of hemoglobin in the urine
Where are the testes located?
Paired oval glands in the scrotum
What are three accessory glands of the male reproductive system?
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate
- Bulbourethral gland
Where are the seminal vesicles located?
Posterior to the base of the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum.
Where is the ejaculatory duct located?
It is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the vas deferens.
What are the three regions of the urethra?
- Prostatic urethra
- Membranous urethra
- Spongy (penile) urethra
Where is the prostate located?
Doughnut-shaped golf ball size gland inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounding the prostatic urethra
Where is the bulbourethral gland located?
Pea-size glands located inferior to the prostate on either side of the membranous urethra
Where is the corpora cavernosa located?
Two dorsolateral cylindrical masses of tissue on penis
Where is the corpus spongiosum located?
Smaller midventral cylindrical mass on penis containing spongy urethra
What are seminiferous tubules?
Tiny tubes within testes that are site of sperm production
Where is the epididymis located?
The seminiferous tubules empty into the long cord called the epididymis that runs along side testes
Where is the vas deferens located?
The epididymis enlarges and uncoils, becoming the vas deferens
What is the spermatic cord?
Consists of vas deferens, testiculary arteries and veins, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels and the cremaster muscle.
Where is the spermatic cord located?
Ascends out of the scrotum
Where is the inguinal canal located?
An oblique passageway in the anterior abdominal wall just superior and parallel to the medial half of the inguinal ligament.
Describe four characteristics (structures) of the penis
- Shaft of penis
- Glans penis
- Prepuce (foreskin)
- External urethral orifice
Where are the ovaries located?
One ovary on each side of the uterus at the brim of the superior portion of the pelvic cavity
Where is the broad ligament located?
Part of the peritoneum that attaches to the uterus
Where is the ovarian ligament located?
Anchors the ovaries to the uterus
Where are uterine (fallopian) tubes located?
Two tubes that extend laterally from the uterus
Where is the infundibulum located?
Funnel-shaped portion of each uterine tube that is near ovary but open to the pelvic cavity
Where are fimbriae located?
Finger-like projections at the end of uterine (fallopian) tubes
Where is the uterus located?
Inverted pear-shaped organ between urinary bladder and the rectum
What are three anatomical subdivisions of the uterus?
- Fundus
- Body
- Cervix
Where is the fundus of the uterus located?
Dome-shaped portion superior to the uterine tubes
Where is the body of the uterus located?
Tapering central portion of uterus
Where is the cervix of the uterus located?
Inferior narrow portion that opens into vagina
Where is the vagina located?
Tubular muscular canal that extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix
What is the interior of the uterus called?
Uterine canal
What is the interior of the cervix called?
Cervical canal
Where are the labia majora located?
Two longitudinal folds of skin extend inferior and posteriorly from mons pubis
What male structure are labia majora homologous to?
Scrotum
Where are the labia minora located?
Two smaller folds of skin medial to labia majora
What male structure are labia minora homologous to?
Spongy urethra
What is the external os?
A small aperture on the vagina portion of cervix that allows for communication between vagina and uterus.
Where is the clitoris located?
Small cylindrical mass at the anterior junction of the labia minora
What are the three tissue layers of the uterus from superficial to deep?
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
What are the five steps in the pathway of sperm followign ejaculation?
- Testis
- Epididymis
- Vas deferens
- Prostate/Bulbourethral/Seminal vesicles
- Urethra
What are the steps in the pathway of an egg following ovulation?
- Egg released from ovarian follicle.
2.Egg may be fertilized in Fallopian tube. - Egg develops into blastocyst and implants on fundus of uterus OR
Egg exits vagina and endometrium sloughs off
