Resp Flashcards
Best antibiotic for bovine respiratory disease
oxytet
list the common agents of BRD
- Viral = Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (Herpes virus 1), Parainfluenza virus 3, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus
- Bacterial = mycoplasma bovis, TB (mycobacteria bovis), mannheimiea haemolytica, pastuerella multocida, histophilus somni
- Other = fog fever, lung worm
Prevention if bovine respiratory disease
- Fresh air and ventilation (humidity monitor)
- Cleanliness (change bedding, drainage, scraping)
- Good stocking density (All in all out)
- Dry bedding, adequate temperature
Signs of Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Increase respiratory rate and effort.
Conjunctivitis
tracheitis
harsh URT sounds
nasal discharge
hyperpnoea
+/- ocular discharge
Risks for Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
young animals
brought in stock
contact with neighbours
Distinctive signs of malignant catarrhal fever
Oral lesions: Sloughing of mucosa
alongside pyrexia, nasal and ocular discharge
Signs of mycoplasma bovis
- Chronic pneumonia (although may present acutely)
- Head tilt, ear droop, head shake - due to otitis media
- Can also cause arthritis and mastitis.
Risks associated with Mannheimiea haemolytica
(Pasteurellosis)
- Shipping fever = following transport, group mixing, diet change
- Extreme weather, stress, housing (high stocking, etc)
- Movement from poor pasture to aftermaths or house
PMI with Mannheimiea haemolytica
petichial haemhorrhage on lungs
purple, swollen, heavy lungs
Tx and prevention of Mannheimiea haemolytica
- Treat with oxytetracycline
- Vaccines available
Prevention:
- Reduce stress
- Avoid mixing sources of sheep
- Good ventilation
- Make diet changes gradually
what causes fog fever
- When cattle move from sparse to lush, high protein pasture
- L-tryptophan is ingested and converted into 3-methylindole which is pneumotoxic
signs of fog fever
- Acute pulmonary oedema and emphysema lead to:
- Severe respiratory distress without coughing or pyrexia
- High mortality rate (found dead)
Parasite causing cattle lung worm and signs
Dictyocaulus viviparus
- Mild: Intermittent cough
- Moderate: Frequent coughing at rest, tachypnoea, loss of condition
- Severe: Tachypnoea, dyspnoea, “air hunger” position, tongue out when coughing. Sudden death may occur within 1-2 days
Tx and prevention of cattle lungworm
Moxidectin or doramectin are good choices
Risk conditions
- Wet summers
- Heaving stocking density
Prevention:
- Delay turnout (overwinter larvae decrease)
-Vaccination
- Rotational grazing
risks and prevention of cattle lung worm
Risk conditions
- Wet summers
- Heaving stocking density
Prevention:
- Delay turnout (overwinter larvae will decrease)
- Vaccination
- Rotational grazing
Name the 5 iceberg disease
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma - resp
Caseous lymphadenitis - resp
Maedi visna - resp
Ovine Johne’s
Border disease
Signs, dx and tx of Media Visna
Chronic wasting disorder
- Laboured breathing
- Chronic lung inflammation
- Increased mastitis and pneumonia
- General: Ill thrift, reduced fertility and productivity
Dx: antibodies in blood (Serology)
tx: euthanasia, fatal condition
what is Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
beta retrovirus
- Infects the cells in the lungs => replaces normal tissue with tumours
- Tumours secrete high levels of white foamy fluid
=> susceptible to secondary infections
Treatment for MV, OVA and CL (respiratory icebergs)
- Buy good stock
- Reduce stocking density
- Isolate or cull infected individuals
what is Caseous lymphadenitis
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Bacteria Enters body via abrasions, inhalation, ingestion
- Spreads to LNs ==> forms microabscesses
- Coalesce into large abscesses filled with green pus
Spread:
- New infected stock
- Also fomites with pus on (shearing is a risk)
Signs of Caseous lymphadenitis
- Lumps and bumps on the face and neck
- A quarter of animals will only have internal abscesses so hard to detect
- Mastitis if mammary glands effected
Dx and Tx of Caseous lymphadenitis
- Bacteriology needs to confirm CLA from pus
- Antibiotics are not effective inside the abscess
- No vaccine in the UK
Signs and treatment of Laryngeal chondritis
- Dyspnoea
- Inhalational stridor
Treatment:
- 20mg Dexamethasone one-off treatment
- Also antibiotics (amox/clav off licence) for a one week course
- Emergency tracheostomy
What bacteria causes ovine Johne’s
Mycobacterium avium spp. Paratuberculosis
Ovine Johne’s signs (and why they are caused)
GIT inflammation and poor absorption
Leads to
- Reduced fertility
- Weight loss
- Different to cattle as no scour
Dx of ovine Johnes
Low sensitivity of tests and inability to detect subclinical cases.
control better
- Isolate at risk ewes (old, thin)
- Replace with new, young ewes
- Cull low BCS ewes
- Maintain good hygiene (faecal oral transmission and lambs infected early in life)
What is border diseases aka and what is it simile to
- Hairy shaker disease
- Pestivirus – like BVD
Results of border disease infection during different stages of pregnancy
Non - pregnant
- Infection cleared
- Antibody positive, antigen negative
Early gestation
- Foetus may abort or reabsorb
- If foetus survives, PI animal is formed which is antibody negative and antigen positive
Later gestation
- Can clear infection and have normal lamb or PI
Effects hair follicles = hairy lambs
Tonic clonic contractions of skeletal muscle due to hypomyelinogenesis in CNS
Prevention and control of border disease in sheep
Prevention:
- Semen evaluation of tups
- Natural exposure of NON PREGNANT animals to PI
Control:
- Good biosecurity
- Screen new stock
Signs of Traumatic reticulo-pericarditis
Reduced cardiac output and failure
- Milk drop
- Inappetence
- Pain in thorax
- Rubbing/friction sounds on cardia auscultation
- Tachycardia
- Pyrexia
Later signs:
- Muffled heart sounds due to excess fibrin
- Difficult to palpate apex beat
- Signs of CHF = jugular distention, ventral oedema, dyspnoea, tachycardia
Dx and Tx of Traumatic reticulo-pericarditis
- Eric Williams Test = cow grunt just before primary contraction (reticulum)
- Withers Pinch = cow doesn’t move when withers pinched
Ultrasound at ICS 3-5 shows purulent fluid in pericardial sac +/- fibrin strands
Early (before fibrinous, septic stage);
- Magnet to catch metal
- Broad spectrum antibiotics (amoxicillin, oxytetracycline)
Later stage:
- Poor prognosis
- PTS
Cause and signs of Bacterial endocarditis
- Bacteraemia => adhesion to endothelium (usually mitral or tricuspid valve)
- Often Truperella pyogenes
Murmur, tachycardia, ill thrift, milk drop
Tx of bacterial endocarditis
Long term antibiotic therapy
- Minimum of 3 weeks
- Penicillin or amoxicillin are best
- Prognosis guarded
Common (but rare) cause of epistaxis in cattle
Caudal vena cava syndrome/ thrombosis
How does caudal vena cava thrombosis form
Liver abscess ==> adjacent to vena cava ==> rupture septic emboli into it ==> occludes vessel
See resp signs if emboli travel to lungs
Presentation of caudal vena cava thrombosis
- Bilateral epistaxis
- Increased heart and respiratory rates
- Pale MM
- Chronic cough
- Chronic pneumonia and lung abscessed due to emboli lodging here
- 90% of the time just suppurative pneumonia
Cause and signs of Babesia divergent
Tic spread blood parasite
causes haemolytic anaemia
- Commonly haematuria
- Pallor
- Dull demeaner
- Pyrexia
Signs of haemonchus contortus
Acute:
- Pallor
- Tachycardia
- Hyperpnoea
- Sudden death
Sub-acute
- Bottle-jaw
Chronic
- Ill thrift, poor BCS, weakness
- Microcytic anaemia (iron depleted)
Major ddx for haemonchus contortus and also treatment
Ddx = liver fluke (also causes bottle jaw) BUT survives better on wet pasture
Treat with
- Yellow drench – Levamisoles
- Clear drench - Ivermectin
signs of copper toxicity
- Jaundice, black urine, bronze liver
- Gun metal kidneys
- Anorexia, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, anaemia
- Can be acute or chronic (with acute presentation when liver can’t cope anymore)
- Found dead
Tx of entropion
- Manual rolling
- Subconjunctival injection of AB (~1ml of procaine penicillin into lower lid parallel to palpebral fissure, bump everts eyelid and treats too)
what can cause the spread of Infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis (IBK)
flies (contagious)
Moxerella bovis bacteria
similar V different signs of IBK and Listeria Monocytogenes (Silage eye)
Both: Conjunctivitis, cloudy eye, tears, ulcers
LM: drooling and head tilt, often anterior uveitis
MB: central white/grey lesions
Treatment of listeria monocytogenes
Penicillin
Vesicular diseases: Signs of FMD Vs BTV vs VS
Foot and Mouth: Pyrexia, lameness, vesicles on mouth and coronary band
Vesicular stomatitis: Restricted to oral mucosa
Blue tongue virus: Swollen head, ears and lips
