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Farm animal > Production diseases > Flashcards

Production diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Name some environmental mastitis pathogens

A
  • Strep. uberis, Staphylococcus species (not Staph. aureus), coliforms like E. coli
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2
Q

Name some contagious mastitis pathogens

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus, Strep. agalactiae, Strep. dysgalactiae
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3
Q

What is summer mastitis complex
Signs
Tx

A

Bacterial infection spread by head flies (Hydrotea irritans)
Signs: Hot, hard, swollen, painful quarter +/- foul smell and lameness
Tx: Systemic penicillin

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4
Q

Cow presenting with mastitis under 30 days in milk
Origin:

A

Dry period origin
Enviromental

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5
Q

Cow presenting with mastitis over 30 days in milk
Origin:

A

Lactation origing
Environmental or contagious

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6
Q

Signs of mastitis in the fore milking

A

Clotted, watery, grey/yellow/red

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7
Q

What should SCC be under

A

200,000

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8
Q

Grading of clinical mastitis

A
  • Grade 1: milk changes only
  • Grade 2: milk changes and swollen udder
  • Grade 3: above…+ cow is ill
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9
Q

Implications of a high herd bulk SCC
Tx

A

contagious more likely
Penicillin for 5 days

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10
Q

Implications of a low herd bulk SCC
Tx

A

Likely environmental
Penicillin & aminoglycoside daily 3 days

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11
Q

How to prevent contagious mastitis

A

5 point plan:
Post-milking teat disinfection,
blanket dry cow therapy,
culling problem cows,
milking machine maintenance,
treatment of clinical cases

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12
Q

How to prevent environmental mastitis

A

Improved cleanliness: scrape more, muck out more
Prevent faecal contamination of sleeping areas
Stop over stocking

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13
Q

Treatment protocol when drying off cows

A
  • High SCC= Treat with IM antibiotic + sealant to treat existing infections (Over 200,000 for 1+ of last 3 recordings before drying off)
  • Low SCC = Treat with sealant ONLY
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14
Q

Differences with sheep mastitis

A

Mannheimia haemolytica can be implicated
Reduced milk yield may show as poorly growing lambs
More likely to turn into black back from toxin secretion

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15
Q

How does low glucose lead to ketone bodies

A

Glucose converts NEFA to VF
Low glucose = less NEFA converted
Excess NEFA become ketone bodies

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16
Q

How does hepatic lipidosis occur

A

Need more energy as can’t keep up with increasing yield
Fat is mobilised to provide energy
Excess NEFA
Can’t all be oxidised to VFAs
Fat accumulation in the liver

17
Q

When and how does Type 2 ketosis occur

A

Start of lactation
Due to poor DMI and excess body condition
hepatic lipidosis seen here

18
Q

When and how does Type 1 ketosis occur

A

Peak lactation
Due to underfeeding

19
Q

Pathogenesis of T2 V T1 ketosis

A

T2: Feed intake cannot keep up with increasing yield ==> fat mobilised ==> accumulates in liver ==> liver function impaired
Less NEFA oxidation, less gluconeogensis
More ketones

T1: NEB ==> less glucose ==> less NEFA oxidation to VFA ==> more ketones

20
Q

diagnostics for T2 v T1

A

T2:
Monitor transition cows and cows under 30 days calved
Look for ketones (BHB in blood, urine, milk)
Look fro NEFA (blood)
evidence of liver damage (enzymes, biopsy)

T1:
Look for ketones (BHB in blood, urine, milk)

21
Q

Tx of ketosis

A

Propylene glycol

22
Q

monitoring
of ketosis

A

Monitor BCS: Aim for 2.5-3 (3 max)
Max 0.5 decrease between calving and peak location

Monitor Butter fat: protein in milk
Cow in NEB = milk protein goes down and BF up

Ration analysis

23
Q

Differences with sheep ketosis

A
  • Called Pregnancy Toxaemia (Twin lamb disease)
  • Difference is peak energy demand is in pregnancy, usually before lambing
  • Clinically indistinguishable from HypoCa
  • Treat with glucose and calcium
24
Q

Cows at risk of hypocalcaemia

A

Older cows
First few days calved

25
Q

Role of PTH and Vitamin D

A

Increased gut uptake of Ca
Increased mobilisation from bone

26
Q

signs of hypocalcaemia

A

Clinical signs due to poor muscle contraction:
- Weakness, S-bend in neck
- GI stasis
- Poor uterine involution
- Constipation, ruminal bloat
- Poor contractility, tachycardia

27
Q

tx of hypocalcaemia

A
  • Slow IV calcium borogluconate
  • Monitor heart rate and rhythm
  • Monitor for standing, eructation, defecation
  • Also give oral calcium (IV won’t last long)
28
Q

three prevention methods for HypoCa

A
  1. Give less Ca in dry period = upregulate PTH hormone. Quickly switch to high calcium diet once they calve
  2. Can reduce dietary cation anion balance (DCAB): give less Na and K to reduce blood pH and make PTH work better
  3. Ca boluses for older cows
29
Q

Minerals associated with poor growth and ill thrift

A

o Copper, cobalt, selenium

30
Q

Minerals associated with poor reproductive performance

A

o Copper and selenium

31
Q

causes of copper poisoning

A

o Almost exclusively related to inappropriate or excessive supplementation - sheep are especially sensitive.
o Pig concentrate feeds can have high copper levels and can be a cause of toxicity in ruminants.

Farm animal (7 decks)

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