Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Farm animal > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the bovine luteal phase?

A

17 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormonal change at the start of pro-oestrus?

A

Progesterone is falling
Oestradiol is rising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At what time does peak oestrus occur in cows?

A

Mid-oestrus during the LH surge (time to AI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How long after peak oestrus does ovulation occur?

A

~24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What prevents a dominant follicle from ovulating?

A

Presence of a dominant corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many follicular waves does it typically take until a follicle ovulates?

A

2 or 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How large do follicles need to be to ovulate?

A

Over 10mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ultrasound appearance of the ovary when in follicular phase?

A

Large follicle and no real CL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is ovsynch?

A

Synchronisation creates predictable window for AI
* Day 0: GnRH given to cause LH surge and initiate follicular waves
* Day 7: Cow given prostaglandin to lyse dominant CL and allow dominant follicle to grow
* Day 9: GnRH given to cause LH surge and allow dominant follicle to ovulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can be added to ovsynch and why?

A

Progesterone releasing device like CIDR/PRID
* Same as OvSynch except progesterone releasing device inserted on day 1, and removed on day 8
* Device acts like a CL so if there isn’t one present in the animal you still get a “luteolysis” effect and a progesterone drop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What synch protocol still requires oestrus observation

A

Progestogen + PGF
* Day 0: Insert progesterone device
* Day 6: Inject PGF2a
* Day 7: remove progesterone device
* Oestrus occurs 1-3 days after. Serve 12 hours into oestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Use of GnRH in farm work?

A

Induces a LH surge and ovulation 28 hours later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Use of FSH in cattle?

A

Stimulates antral follicle growth
Used in super-ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Use of LH in cattle?

A

Not used often. Stimulates final maturation + ovulation
- Can induce or force ovulation
- Treat cystic ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Use of progestogens in cattle?

A

Negative feedback on the HPG axis
Mimics the luteal phase so useful in synch protocols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Use of prostaglandins in cattle?

A

Lysis of the mature CL => progesterone decline => cow in proestrus
- Terminates luteal phase
- Induces abortion or parturition
- Also ecbolic effects on uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of prostaglandins in cattle

A
  • Dinoprost  naturally occurring PGF2α
  • Cloprostenol  synthetic analogues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How long does ovulation take after GnRH?

A

Ovulation 28 hours later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How long does oestrus take after PGF2a?

A

Oestrus 3-5 days later after administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Two methods to induce parturition

A

Prostaglandin
- Parturition if given after day 270.
- Calving ~45 hours after injection

Glucocorticoid excess (Dexamethasone)
- Parturition if given after day 270

High incidence of RFM with both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is submission rate?

A

Cows eligible to be bred that are actually bred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is conception rate?

A

Number of cows that are successfully bred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Breeding goals for cows after calving?

A

Breeding before 58 days in milk
Conception before 81 days in milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Common cause of lack of return to cyclicity?

A

Negative energy balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How long is the standing oestrus period
1 day (can be as short as 6 hours in higher yielding cows)
26
3 viral causes of infertility in dams (NOT abortion) (cattle and sheep)
1. BVD (cattle) 2. Border disease (sheep) 3. IBR (cattle)
27
3 bacterial causes of infertility (NOT abortion)
1. Leptospira (cattle) 2. Brucella (All ruminants) 3. Campylobacter (seen earlier in cattle, and later as abortion in sheep)
28
What are the most common causes of bovine abortion
Salmonella and Neospora
29
What ovarian structure would you expect to find with a pyometra?
A corpus luteum
30
Appearance of a follicular cyst on ultrasound?
Fluid filled structure with very thin wall
31
Treatment of a follicular cyst:
Progesterone will force it to ovulate can also use GnRH
32
Appearance of a luteal cyst on ultrasound?
Fluid filled structure with thick luteal tissue border. Same echogenicity as a CL
33
Treatment of a luteal cyst:
Prostaglandin
34
If you find multiple small follicles on an ovary, what is your presumed ddx? And what else should you do to check this?
Anoestrus Check other ovary for CL - don't need both ovaries to be cycling Tx: GnRH
35
Common cause of pig infertility?
Poor management or seasonality
36
3 common viral causes of pig infertility?
PRRSv Swine Influenza SMEDI
37
3 common bacterial causes of pig infertility?
Leptospirosis Erysipelas Brucella suis
38
Common sign of mycotic abortion?
Demarcation areas where placentae has stuck onto foetus
39
Top 2 common causes of infectious abortion in sheep?
Enzootic abortion (Chlamydophilla abortus) and Toxoplasma gondii
40
When does C. abortus cause abortion?
Last 3 weeks of gestation
41
How to sheep get toxoplasma gondii?
Ingestion of oocyst that are shed in cat faeces
42
Signs of Campylobacter abortions?
Abortions in the last 6 weeks of gestation or weak limbs born alive brown exudate on placenta
43
Gross lesions with EAE?
Thickening of the placenta between cotyledons (placentitis) and brown exudate.
44
Gross lesions with Toxoplasma?
Dark cotyledons and white speckles of necrosis. Inter-cotyledonary area grossly normal.
45
What ideal lab samples should be submitted?
Foetus Placenta Serology (from dam)
46
If WHOLE foetus and placenta can't be submitted, what other samples can be sent? (4)
Placenta section (including cotyledonary and non-cotyledonary areas) Foetal fluid (thorax or abdomen) Foetal stomach contents Spleen
47
what samples should be submitted for the main abortion causes
EAE: placenta (Zh staining) Toxo: Foetal free fluid (IFAT) and placenta (PCR) Campylobacter: foetal stomach contents BVD: Foetal spleen
48
What antibiotic can help maintain the placenta when infected with C. abortus?
Oxytetracycline
49
Which infectious causes can you vaccinate sheep against?
EAE Toxoplasmosis
50
Signs of salmonella abortion
Abortion at 5-8 months of pregnancy (skin unhaired, bright red) Adults: - Malaise, D+, pyrexia. - Injected mucous membranes - Dark red and thick intercotyledonary tissue with yellow purulent exudate on the cotyledons. Tx: Vaccinate
51
2 most common causes of cow dystocia?
1. Feto-maternal disproportion 2. Fetal disposition (Same for ewe)
52
When does fluid accumulate in the allantois in Hydrallantois?
Occurs around mid gestation
53
Why does Hydrallantois occur?
Failure in mechanism of production and absorption - placental origin
54
What is the implication of Hydrallantois on the foetus?
Foetus is normal
55
What is the implication of Hydrallantois on the dam?
Poor prognosis, will need to be culled
56
When in gestation does Hydramnion occur?
During the third trimester (Slower development than hydrallantois)
57
Why does Hydramnion occur?
Failure in swallowing and digestion of foetal fluid - foetal origin
58
What is the implication of Hydramnion for the foetus?
Due to foetal abnormality - will die or be culled
59
What is the implication of Hydramnion for the dam?
Reasonable future breeding prognosis
60
Difference between Hydramnion and hydrallantois on rectal palpation?
Hydrallantois = cannot palpate placentomes Hydramnion = can palpate placentomes
61
What is Arthrogryposis?
Common malformation of joint contractures Neonates unable to stand
62
Ddx for Arthrogryposis
Schmallenberg virus
63
Ddx for Schistosomus reflexus
Uterine rupture with SI protruding
64
What can commonly cause hydrocephalus?
Tetrogenic verses like BVDv and BTV
65
Define Teratogen
= agents causing foetal abnormalities or death
66
Difference in effect of teratogens on foetus, embryo and zygote?
Zygote = often embryonic death Embryo = highest risk for abnormalities Foetus = more resistant but structures that develop late on may be effected (eg cleft palate)
67
What can be given to terminate a pregnancy?
Prostaglandin to lyse the CL. Placental takeover days 150-200 so only useful if before day 100 In last month can give glucocorticoid excess which reduces placental secretion of P4
68
What does the placenta start secreting progesterone?
Days 150-200
69
What effect can glucocorticoid steroids have on the placenta? What can to be used fr?
Reduces placental secretion of progesterone Excess causes termination of pregnancy in LAST month of pregnancy
70
When does a uterine V cervical/vaginal prolapse occur?
Uterine = postpartum (life threatening) Cervical/vaginal = pre-partum (not emergency)
71
2 risk factors for uterine prolapse:
1. Hypocalcaemia 2. Difficult calling (dystocia)
72
4 risk factors for CV prolapse:
1. Limited exercise 2. Hereditary 3. increased abdominal pressure (large litter, obese) 4. Hypocalcaemia
73
Suture pattern to treat a CV prolapse:
Buhner on the mucosal aspect of the vulva lips with tape not suture material
74
What drugs should be given after treating a uterine prolapse? (4)
1.Oxytocin to aid involution 2. Calcium for HypoCa 3. NSAIDs for pain relief 4. Antibiotics
75
What stage of gestation does uterine torsion typically occur?
Late first stage or early second stage
76
Where to make episiotomy incisions:
10 and 2 o clock
77
Structures involved in 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree vaginal tears:
1st: vaginal skin and mucosa 2nd: Vagina full thickness 3rd: Vaginal full thickness + rectal wall (+/- anus)
78
How to treat a 3rd degree tear?
- Wait 6-8 weeks to allow epithelialisation - Suture (+ epidural, antibiotics, NSAIDs) - Consider culling
79
Which drug can treat endometrial bleeding
Oxytocin (stimulates myometrial contrations)
80
List of drugs that should be administered before a C-section? (5)
1. Sedation if needed (Xylazine) 2. Systemic pain relief (Meloxicam) 3. Uterine relaxant (Clenbuterol) 4. Antibiotics (Amoxiclav, penicillin) 5. Local anaesthesia (Procaine)
81
Cam flunixin be used around calving?
NO - increased incidence of retained foetal membranes
82
How long does bovine uterine involution take?
3-6 weeks
83
Characteristics of lochia:
Normal for ~23 days Brown/red discharge with NO odour
84
When are foetal membranes classified as retained (RFM)?
After 24 horns post-calving
85
Typical RMF treatment
Begin neglect - should expel in 2-11 days
86
When is normal placenta expulsion in sheep and cows?
Within 6 hours
87
Define metritis
= Infection of all layers of the uterus
88
When does metritis occur?
Within 21 days of calving
89
Signs of clinical metritis V puerperal metritis:
Clinical: - Enlarged uterus - Purulent discharge - Not systemically unwell Puerperal - Enlarged uterus - Fetid, watery, red/brown discharge - Signs of systemic illness
90
How to we grade metritis?
Clinical signs of the cow
91
Describe the grades of metritis:
1 = Large uterus + purulent discharge, without any signs of systemic ill health 2 = Large uterus + purulent discharge,, with signs of systemic illness 3 = Large uterus + purulent discharge, with signs of toxaemia (collapse, inappetence, cold)
92
How to treat grade 2 and 3 metritis?
- Systemic penicillin or amoxicillin - Supportive therapy (NSAIDs, TLC, IVFT, Ca)
93
When does endometritis occur?
Over 21 days post-calving
94
Difference between clinical and subclinical endometritis?
SC: - No uterine discharge yet - Increased neutrophils on uterine cytology C; - Purulent or mucourulent discharge
95
How to we grade endometritis?
Graded on discharge
96
Describe the grades of endometritis:
0 = clear mucus 1 = mucus + flecks of white pus 2 = <50% white mucopurluent material 3 = >50% purulent material, usually white or yellow, but occasionally sanguineous
97
Common pathogens identified in endometritis
E.coli and T.pyogenes F. necrophorum
98
Two drugs that can treat endometritis:
1: PGF2a - bring into oestrus (open cervix, increased tone) 2: Intrauterine antibiotics (Cefaprin)
99
Defining characteristics of a pyometra
Closed cervix and functional corpus luteum
100
What pathogens can cause infertility in males?
Anything causing a pyrexia
101
Most common method of semen collection in rams and bulls?
Electro-ejaculation
102
Define calving index
Mean or median number of days between successive calving (aim for 365)
103
PD at 6 weeks
One horn bouncy and thin walled Uterine walls approx. 2 inches thick Amniotic vesicle approx. 15mm can feel membrane slip from 30 days
104
PD at 8 weeks
Both horns bouncy and thin walled Uterine walls approx. 3 inches thick Foetus the size of a mouse
105
PD at 12 weeks
1 inch cotyledons palpable Pulsing uterine artery size of rat
106
PD at 4 months
1 inch cotyledons palpable Fremitus on same side as pregnancy size of cat
107
On those little bar graphs John gives us, what do the bars mean as you go across
1= early service. Abnormal return or poor detection 2 = normal return and detection. 18-24 days 3 = later service. Abnormal return or poor detection 4 = Missed first heat. 36-45 daysF

Farm animal (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions