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Farm animal > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the bovine luteal phase?

A

17 days

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2
Q

Hormonal change at the start of pro-oestrus?

A

Progesterone is falling
Oestradiol is rising

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3
Q

At what time does peak oestrus occur in cows?

A

Mid-oestrus during the LH surge (time to AI)

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4
Q

How long after peak oestrus does ovulation occur?

A

~24 hours

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5
Q

What prevents a dominant follicle from ovulating?

A

Presence of a dominant corpus luteum

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6
Q

How many follicular waves does it typically take until a follicle ovulates?

A

2 or 3

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7
Q

How large do follicles need to be to ovulate?

A

Over 10mm

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8
Q

Ultrasound appearance of the ovary when in follicular phase?

A

Large follicle and no real CL

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9
Q

What is ovsynch?

A

Synchronisation creates predictable window for AI
* Day 0: GnRH given to cause LH surge and initiate follicular waves
* Day 7: Cow given prostaglandin to lyse dominant CL and allow dominant follicle to grow
* Day 9: GnRH given to cause LH surge and allow dominant follicle to ovulate

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10
Q

What can be added to ovsynch and why?

A

Progesterone releasing device like CIDR/PRID
* Same as OvSynch except progesterone releasing device inserted on day 1, and removed on day 8
* Device acts like a CL so if there isn’t one present in the animal you still get a “luteolysis” effect and a progesterone drop

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11
Q

What synch protocol still requires oestrus observation

A

Progestogen + PGF
* Day 0: Insert progesterone device
* Day 6: Inject PGF2a
* Day 7: remove progesterone device
* Oestrus occurs 1-3 days after. Serve 12 hours into oestrus

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12
Q

Use of GnRH in farm work?

A

Induces a LH surge and ovulation 28 hours later

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13
Q

Use of FSH in cattle?

A

Stimulates antral follicle growth
Used in super-ovulation

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14
Q

Use of LH in cattle?

A

Not used often. Stimulates final maturation + ovulation
- Can induce or force ovulation
- Treat cystic ovaries

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15
Q

Use of progestogens in cattle?

A

Negative feedback on the HPG axis
Mimics the luteal phase so useful in synch protocols

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16
Q

Use of prostaglandins in cattle?

A

Lysis of the mature CL => progesterone decline => cow in proestrus
- Terminates luteal phase
- Induces abortion or parturition
- Also ecbolic effects on uterus

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17
Q

Examples of prostaglandins in cattle

A
  • Dinoprost  naturally occurring PGF2α
  • Cloprostenol  synthetic analogues
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18
Q

How long does ovulation take after GnRH?

A

Ovulation 28 hours later

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19
Q

How long does oestrus take after PGF2a?

A

Oestrus 3-5 days later after administration

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20
Q

Two methods to induce parturition

A

Prostaglandin
- Parturition if given after day 270.
- Calving ~45 hours after injection

Glucocorticoid excess (Dexamethasone)
- Parturition if given after day 270

High incidence of RFM with both

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21
Q

What is submission rate?

A

Cows eligible to be bred that are actually bred

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22
Q

What is conception rate?

A

Number of cows that are successfully bred

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23
Q

Breeding goals for cows after calving?

A

Breeding before 58 days in milk
Conception before 81 days in milk

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24
Q

Common cause of lack of return to cyclicity?

A

Negative energy balance

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25
Q

How long is the standing oestrus period

A

1 day (can be as short as 6 hours in higher yielding cows)

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26
Q

3 viral causes of infertility in dams (NOT abortion) (cattle and sheep)

A
  1. BVD (cattle)
  2. Border disease (sheep)
  3. IBR (cattle)
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27
Q

3 bacterial causes of infertility (NOT abortion)

A
  1. Leptospira (cattle)
  2. Brucella (All ruminants)
  3. Campylobacter (seen earlier in cattle, and later as abortion in sheep)
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28
Q

What are the most common causes of bovine abortion

A

Salmonella and Neospora

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29
Q

What ovarian structure would you expect to find with a pyometra?

A

A corpus luteum

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30
Q

Appearance of a follicular cyst on ultrasound?

A

Fluid filled structure with very thin wall

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31
Q

Treatment of a follicular cyst:

A

Progesterone will force it to ovulate
can also use GnRH

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32
Q

Appearance of a luteal cyst on ultrasound?

A

Fluid filled structure with thick luteal tissue border. Same echogenicity as a CL

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33
Q

Treatment of a luteal cyst:

A

Prostaglandin

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34
Q

If you find multiple small follicles on an ovary, what is your presumed ddx? And what else should you do to check this?

A

Anoestrus
Check other ovary for CL - don’t need both ovaries to be cycling
Tx: GnRH

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35
Q

Common cause of pig infertility?

A

Poor management or seasonality

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36
Q

3 common viral causes of pig infertility?

A

PRRSv
Swine Influenza
SMEDI

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37
Q

3 common bacterial causes of pig infertility?

A

Leptospirosis
Erysipelas
Brucella suis

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38
Q

Common sign of mycotic abortion?

A

Demarcation areas where placentae has stuck onto foetus

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39
Q

Top 2 common causes of infectious abortion in sheep?

A

Enzootic abortion (Chlamydophilla abortus) and Toxoplasma gondii

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40
Q

When does C. abortus cause abortion?

A

Last 3 weeks of gestation

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41
Q

How to sheep get toxoplasma gondii?

A

Ingestion of oocyst that are shed in cat faeces

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42
Q

Signs of Campylobacter abortions?

A

Abortions in the last 6 weeks of gestation or weak limbs born alive
brown exudate on placenta

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43
Q

Gross lesions with EAE?

A

Thickening of the placenta between cotyledons (placentitis) and brown exudate.

44
Q

Gross lesions with Toxoplasma?

A

Dark cotyledons and white speckles of necrosis.
Inter-cotyledonary area grossly normal.

45
Q

What ideal lab samples should be submitted?

A

Foetus
Placenta
Serology (from dam)

46
Q

If WHOLE foetus and placenta can’t be submitted, what other samples can be sent? (4)

A

Placenta section (including cotyledonary and non-cotyledonary areas)
Foetal fluid (thorax or abdomen)
Foetal stomach contents
Spleen

47
Q

what samples should be submitted for the main abortion causes

A

EAE: placenta (Zh staining)
Toxo: Foetal free fluid (IFAT) and placenta (PCR)
Campylobacter: foetal stomach contents
BVD: Foetal spleen

48
Q

What antibiotic can help maintain the placenta when infected with C. abortus?

A

Oxytetracycline

49
Q

Which infectious causes can you vaccinate sheep against?

A

EAE
Toxoplasmosis

50
Q

Signs of salmonella abortion

A

Abortion at 5-8 months of pregnancy (skin unhaired, bright red)

Adults:
- Malaise, D+, pyrexia.
- Injected mucous membranes
- Dark red and thick intercotyledonary tissue with yellow purulent exudate on the cotyledons.

Tx: Vaccinate

51
Q

2 most common causes of cow dystocia?

A
  1. Feto-maternal disproportion
  2. Fetal disposition
    (Same for ewe)
52
Q

When does fluid accumulate in the allantois in Hydrallantois?

A

Occurs around mid gestation

53
Q

Why does Hydrallantois occur?

A

Failure in mechanism of production and absorption - placental origin

54
Q

What is the implication of Hydrallantois on the foetus?

A

Foetus is normal

55
Q

What is the implication of Hydrallantois on the dam?

A

Poor prognosis, will need to be culled

56
Q

When in gestation does Hydramnion occur?

A

During the third trimester (Slower development than hydrallantois)

57
Q

Why does Hydramnion occur?

A

Failure in swallowing and digestion of foetal fluid - foetal origin

58
Q

What is the implication of Hydramnion for the foetus?

A

Due to foetal abnormality - will die or be culled

59
Q

What is the implication of Hydramnion for the dam?

A

Reasonable future breeding prognosis

60
Q

Difference between Hydramnion and hydrallantois on rectal palpation?

A

Hydrallantois = cannot palpate placentomes
Hydramnion = can palpate placentomes

61
Q

What is Arthrogryposis?

A

Common malformation of joint contractures
Neonates unable to stand

62
Q

Ddx for Arthrogryposis

A

Schmallenberg virus

63
Q

Ddx for Schistosomus reflexus

A

Uterine rupture with SI protruding

64
Q

What can commonly cause hydrocephalus?

A

Tetrogenic verses like BVDv and BTV

65
Q

Define Teratogen

A

= agents causing foetal abnormalities or death

66
Q

Difference in effect of teratogens on foetus, embryo and zygote?

A

Zygote = often embryonic death
Embryo = highest risk for abnormalities
Foetus = more resistant but structures that develop late on may be effected (eg cleft palate)

67
Q

What can be given to terminate a pregnancy?

A

Prostaglandin to lyse the CL. Placental takeover days 150-200 so only useful if before day 100

In last month can give glucocorticoid excess which reduces placental secretion of P4

68
Q

What does the placenta start secreting progesterone?

A

Days 150-200

69
Q

What effect can glucocorticoid steroids have on the placenta? What can to be used fr?

A

Reduces placental secretion of progesterone
Excess causes termination of pregnancy in LAST month of pregnancy

70
Q

When does a uterine V cervical/vaginal prolapse occur?

A

Uterine = postpartum (life threatening)
Cervical/vaginal = pre-partum (not emergency)

71
Q

2 risk factors for uterine prolapse:

A
  1. Hypocalcaemia
  2. Difficult calling (dystocia)
72
Q

4 risk factors for CV prolapse:

A
  1. Limited exercise
  2. Hereditary
  3. increased abdominal pressure (large litter, obese)
  4. Hypocalcaemia
73
Q

Suture pattern to treat a CV prolapse:

A

Buhner on the mucosal aspect of the vulva lips with tape not suture material

74
Q

What drugs should be given after treating a uterine prolapse? (4)

A

1.Oxytocin to aid involution
2. Calcium for HypoCa
3. NSAIDs for pain relief
4. Antibiotics

75
Q

What stage of gestation does uterine torsion typically occur?

A

Late first stage or early second stage

76
Q

Where to make episiotomy incisions:

A

10 and 2 o clock

77
Q

Structures involved in 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree vaginal tears:

A

1st: vaginal skin and mucosa
2nd: Vagina full thickness
3rd: Vaginal full thickness + rectal wall (+/- anus)

78
Q

How to treat a 3rd degree tear?

A
  • Wait 6-8 weeks to allow epithelialisation
  • Suture (+ epidural, antibiotics, NSAIDs)
  • Consider culling
79
Q

Which drug can treat endometrial bleeding

A

Oxytocin (stimulates myometrial contrations)

80
Q

List of drugs that should be administered before a C-section? (5)

A
  1. Sedation if needed (Xylazine)
  2. Systemic pain relief (Meloxicam)
  3. Uterine relaxant (Clenbuterol)
  4. Antibiotics (Amoxiclav, penicillin)
  5. Local anaesthesia (Procaine)
81
Q

Cam flunixin be used around calving?

A

NO - increased incidence of retained foetal membranes

82
Q

How long does bovine uterine involution take?

A

3-6 weeks

83
Q

Characteristics of lochia:

A

Normal for ~23 days
Brown/red discharge with NO odour

84
Q

When are foetal membranes classified as retained (RFM)?

A

After 24 horns post-calving

85
Q

Typical RMF treatment

A

Begin neglect - should expel in 2-11 days

86
Q

When is normal placenta expulsion in sheep and cows?

A

Within 6 hours

87
Q

Define metritis

A

= Infection of all layers of the uterus

88
Q

When does metritis occur?

A

Within 21 days of calving

89
Q

Signs of clinical metritis V puerperal metritis:

A

Clinical:
- Enlarged uterus
- Purulent discharge
- Not systemically unwell
Puerperal
- Enlarged uterus
- Fetid, watery, red/brown discharge
- Signs of systemic illness

90
Q

How to we grade metritis?

A

Clinical signs of the cow

91
Q

Describe the grades of metritis:

A

1 = Large uterus + purulent discharge, without any signs of systemic ill health
2 = Large uterus + purulent discharge,, with signs of systemic illness
3 = Large uterus + purulent discharge, with signs of toxaemia (collapse, inappetence, cold)

92
Q

How to treat grade 2 and 3 metritis?

A
  • Systemic penicillin or amoxicillin
  • Supportive therapy (NSAIDs, TLC, IVFT, Ca)
93
Q

When does endometritis occur?

A

Over 21 days post-calving

94
Q

Difference between clinical and subclinical endometritis?

A

SC:
- No uterine discharge yet
- Increased neutrophils on uterine cytology
C;
- Purulent or mucourulent discharge

95
Q

How to we grade endometritis?

A

Graded on discharge

96
Q

Describe the grades of endometritis:

A

0 = clear mucus
1 = mucus + flecks of white pus
2 = <50% white mucopurluent material
3 = >50% purulent material, usually white or yellow, but occasionally sanguineous

97
Q

Common pathogens identified in endometritis

A

E.coli and T.pyogenes
F. necrophorum

98
Q

Two drugs that can treat endometritis:

A

1: PGF2a - bring into oestrus (open cervix, increased tone)
2: Intrauterine antibiotics (Cefaprin)

99
Q

Defining characteristics of a pyometra

A

Closed cervix and functional corpus luteum

100
Q

What pathogens can cause infertility in males?

A

Anything causing a pyrexia

101
Q

Most common method of semen collection in rams and bulls?

A

Electro-ejaculation

102
Q

Define calving index

A

Mean or median number of days between successive calving (aim for 365)

103
Q

PD at 6 weeks

A

One horn bouncy and thin walled
Uterine walls approx. 2 inches thick
Amniotic vesicle approx. 15mm

can feel membrane slip from 30 days

104
Q

PD at 8 weeks

A

Both horns bouncy and thin walled
Uterine walls approx. 3 inches thick
Foetus the size of a mouse

105
Q

PD at 12 weeks

A

1 inch cotyledons palpable
Pulsing uterine artery
size of rat

106
Q

PD at 4 months

A

1 inch cotyledons palpable
Fremitus on same side as pregnancy
size of cat

107
Q

On those little bar graphs John gives us, what do the bars mean as you go across

A

1= early service. Abnormal return or poor detection
2 = normal return and detection. 18-24 days
3 = later service. Abnormal return or poor detection
4 = Missed first heat. 36-45 daysF

Farm animal (7 decks)

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