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G's Phase 1 > Resp > Flashcards

Resp Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of nasopharynx?

A

3 nasal concha
3 meatus
4 sinuses

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2
Q

what are the 4 sinuses

A

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary

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3
Q

what are the 3 paired cartilages of the throat

A

arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform

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4
Q

what are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A

epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid

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5
Q

what type of cartilage is the epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

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6
Q

name the structures that make up the conducting airway

A

trachea
main bronchus
lobar bronchi
terminal bronchioles

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7
Q

name the structures that make up the respiratory airway?

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

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8
Q

what type of cells line the nostrils

A

keratinizing stratified squamous - becomes non stratified deeper

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9
Q

what is respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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10
Q

what are glands of bowman

A

in the nasal roof secrete watery lubricant

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11
Q

what structure makes the change in stratified squamous to respiratory epithelia

A

epiglottis

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12
Q

what type of epithelia are on the true vocal chords

A

stratified squamous

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13
Q

what type of epithelia are on the false vocal chords

A

ciliated columnar

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14
Q

how is air pressure equalized across the lungs

A

small pores of Kohn allow pressure to equalize across alveolar sacs

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15
Q

where in the respiratory tract does cartilage stop

A

terminal bronchioles

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16
Q

what type of epithelium is in respiratory bronchioles

A

cuboidal

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17
Q

what type of epithelium is in terminal bronchioles

A

ciliated columnar but not goblet cells

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18
Q

what innervates peripheral chemoreceptors

A

glossopharyngeal

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19
Q

what are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to

A

pO2 changes

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20
Q

where are central chemoreceptors found

A

in the medulla oblongata

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21
Q

how do central chemoreceptors detect changes in pCO2?

A

diffuses across the BBB and becomes carboxylic acid. Receptors are sensitive to H+ concentration

22
Q

what is the role of stretch receptors in the lung and what are they called

A

J receptors or C-fiber receptors respond to hyperinflation events and increase breathing rate - likely to also decrease volume

23
Q

what are the medullary centers of breathing

A

dorsal and ventral

24
Q

what are the pontine respiratory groups

A

apneustic and pneumotaxic

25
Q

what stimulates unconscious breathing

A

dorsal respiratory group

26
Q

what respiratory center causes forced expiration

A

ventral respiratory group of the medulla

27
Q

how do the pontine groups effect breathing

A

apneustic center stimulates breathing through the dorsal respiratory group of the medulla while pneumotaxic inhibits the apneustic to inhibit dorsal group stimulation

28
Q

where is ventilation perfusion ratio lowest

A

base of lung as blood pools making perfusion large and ventilation low

29
Q

where does ventilation exceed perfusion in the lung

A

apex

30
Q

what proportion of CO2 becomes carboxylic acid

A

60%

31
Q

how much greater is the flow in a tube when the radius is doubled

A

16X

32
Q

what is Laplace’s law

A

2 * alveolar wall tension
———————— = transpulmonary pressure
radius

33
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure

A

the pressure difference between alveoli and intrapleural pressure

34
Q

what is the alveolar gas equation

A

PAO2 = (FiO2*(Atmospheric pressure - PH2O)) - (PaCO2/RespQuotent)

or

PAO2 = (0.21*(760-47))-(PaCO2/0.8)

35
Q

what would happen to alveoli is surfactant were not present

A

collapse during expiration as surface tension increases

36
Q

what is tidal volume

A

regular breathing volume

37
Q

what is vital capacity

A

inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve

deep breath then blow all the way out

38
Q

what is functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

39
Q

what is the anatomical dead space

A

air stuck in the conducting zone

40
Q

what is the physiological dead space

A

dead space in the conducting zones + alveolar dead space where there is poor perfusion

41
Q

what is normal FEV1/FVC

A

0.8

42
Q

what is the henderson-hasselbalch equation

A

determines pH based on pCO2 and concentration of bicarb

43
Q

what is hypercapnia

A

excess CO2

44
Q

what is Hypocapnia and its dangers

A

Low blood CO2 - shallow water death

hyperventilation blows off too much CO2 breathing reflex is nullified - causing syncope

45
Q

what are the receptors in airway smooth muscle and what do they do

A

M3 muscarinic - parasympathetic - constrict

B2 adreno - sympathetic - dilate

46
Q

what is type 1 hypersensitivity

A

IgE mediated (anaphylaxis, hayfever)

47
Q

What is type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Autoimmune, IgG binding to cell surface antigens

48
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity

A

failure to clear antibodies from sites causing extra immune response

49
Q

type 4 hypersensitivity

A

T-Cell mediated formation of granulomas

50
Q

explain the anaphylaxis cascade

A

IgE activate mast cells to release histamine

51
Q

describe lung development

A

week 4-5 - respiratory diverticulum branches off foregut forms lungs and airways
week 5-17 - development of conducting airway
week 16-25 - capillaries, vasculature, and alveoli

52
Q

Describe Cystic Fibrosis

A

Autosomal Recessive
Causes mutation to CFTR protein
1:25 carriers
1:2500 births

G's Phase 1 (11 decks)

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