Resp Flashcards
What is the structure of nasopharynx?
3 nasal concha
3 meatus
4 sinuses
what are the 4 sinuses
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
maxillary
what are the 3 paired cartilages of the throat
arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform
what are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx
epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid
what type of cartilage is the epiglottis
elastic cartilage
name the structures that make up the conducting airway
trachea
main bronchus
lobar bronchi
terminal bronchioles
name the structures that make up the respiratory airway?
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
what type of cells line the nostrils
keratinizing stratified squamous - becomes non stratified deeper
what is respiratory epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
what are glands of bowman
in the nasal roof secrete watery lubricant
what structure makes the change in stratified squamous to respiratory epithelia
epiglottis
what type of epithelia are on the true vocal chords
stratified squamous
what type of epithelia are on the false vocal chords
ciliated columnar
how is air pressure equalized across the lungs
small pores of Kohn allow pressure to equalize across alveolar sacs
where in the respiratory tract does cartilage stop
terminal bronchioles
what type of epithelium is in respiratory bronchioles
cuboidal
what type of epithelium is in terminal bronchioles
ciliated columnar but not goblet cells
what innervates peripheral chemoreceptors
glossopharyngeal
what are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to
pO2 changes
where are central chemoreceptors found
in the medulla oblongata
how do central chemoreceptors detect changes in pCO2?
diffuses across the BBB and becomes carboxylic acid. Receptors are sensitive to H+ concentration
what is the role of stretch receptors in the lung and what are they called
J receptors or C-fiber receptors respond to hyperinflation events and increase breathing rate - likely to also decrease volume
what are the medullary centers of breathing
dorsal and ventral
what are the pontine respiratory groups
apneustic and pneumotaxic
what stimulates unconscious breathing
dorsal respiratory group
what respiratory center causes forced expiration
ventral respiratory group of the medulla
how do the pontine groups effect breathing
apneustic center stimulates breathing through the dorsal respiratory group of the medulla while pneumotaxic inhibits the apneustic to inhibit dorsal group stimulation
where is ventilation perfusion ratio lowest
base of lung as blood pools making perfusion large and ventilation low
where does ventilation exceed perfusion in the lung
apex
what proportion of CO2 becomes carboxylic acid
60%
how much greater is the flow in a tube when the radius is doubled
16X
what is Laplace’s law
2 * alveolar wall tension
———————— = transpulmonary pressure
radius
what is transpulmonary pressure
the pressure difference between alveoli and intrapleural pressure
what is the alveolar gas equation
PAO2 = (FiO2*(Atmospheric pressure - PH2O)) - (PaCO2/RespQuotent)
or
PAO2 = (0.21*(760-47))-(PaCO2/0.8)
what would happen to alveoli is surfactant were not present
collapse during expiration as surface tension increases
what is tidal volume
regular breathing volume
what is vital capacity
inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve
deep breath then blow all the way out
what is functional residual capacity
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
what is the anatomical dead space
air stuck in the conducting zone
what is the physiological dead space
dead space in the conducting zones + alveolar dead space where there is poor perfusion
what is normal FEV1/FVC
0.8
what is the henderson-hasselbalch equation
determines pH based on pCO2 and concentration of bicarb
what is hypercapnia
excess CO2
what is Hypocapnia and its dangers
Low blood CO2 - shallow water death
hyperventilation blows off too much CO2 breathing reflex is nullified - causing syncope
what are the receptors in airway smooth muscle and what do they do
M3 muscarinic - parasympathetic - constrict
B2 adreno - sympathetic - dilate
what is type 1 hypersensitivity
IgE mediated (anaphylaxis, hayfever)
What is type 2 hypersensitivity
Autoimmune, IgG binding to cell surface antigens
Type 3 hypersensitivity
failure to clear antibodies from sites causing extra immune response
type 4 hypersensitivity
T-Cell mediated formation of granulomas
explain the anaphylaxis cascade
IgE activate mast cells to release histamine
describe lung development
week 4-5 - respiratory diverticulum branches off foregut forms lungs and airways
week 5-17 - development of conducting airway
week 16-25 - capillaries, vasculature, and alveoli
Describe Cystic Fibrosis
Autosomal Recessive
Causes mutation to CFTR protein
1:25 carriers
1:2500 births
