Public health Flashcards
What is a biological stress response
metabolic changes due to stress - endorphin levels
what is a physiological stress response
physiological parameter is altered in response to stress e.g shallow breathing, high blood pressure
what is an emotional stress response
emotional sign of stress - mood swings, tears, aggressive, apathetic
what is a cognitive stress response
negative thoughts or concentration loss
behavioral stress response examples?
going off grid, drugs, starving, overeating, sleep disturbances
what is a positive affect
positive change in emotion eg becoming happy
what might social stress response include
changes in: social relationships; participation in activities/work
what is primary prevention
Prevention of disease in people who haven’t been diagnosed - includes health promotion
high risk approach to prevention
targeting health promotion and disease prevention to groups based on epidemiology
aim of population approach to screening
Aims to lower the level of risk in the population
tertiary prevention
aims to reduce the impact of the disease through rehabilitation to improve quality of life
what is the prevention paradox
majority of cases of a disease come from a population at low or moderate risk of that disease, and only a minority of cases come from the high risk population. This is because the number of people at high risk is small.
therefore better to prevent in the masses than target only high risk.
what is absolute risk
risk of developing disease in a time period
relative risk
risk of developing disease relative to an exposure
what is incidence
the number of new cases in a population in a time period
what is inverse care law
place with good care have fewer cases, while area’s with poor care have more cases. e.g poor community has substandard care for obesity while rich area has fewer obese people but all the health resources.
what are some common global public health issues?
population growth low fertility information access migration environmental changes
leading causes of infant mortality in developing countries?
diarrhea
pneumonia
malaria
recommended maximum alcohol intake in a week?
14 units
what is a unit of alcohol
8g or 10ml of ethanol
example of vehicle borne disease
cholera
example of vector borne disease
malaria
example of airborne disease
COVID
extrinsic aging factors
UV, smoking, pollution, drugs
what is eustress
positive stress that is motivating
what is normal BMI
18.5-25
what is obese BMI
> 30 with 3 classes that increase every 5 points
what is Prader Willi syndrome
missing chromosome 15 from dad
intellectually impaired and overeat
what are the types of error
omission commission skill based knowledge based negligence
what is an omission error
delaying required action or not doing it at all
what is commission error
wrong action taken
what is negligence error
omission errors that show a level of professional incompetency
what are skills based errors
failure to perform due to distraction
what is knowledge based error
failure due to lack of knowledge
name some ethical theories
Utilitarianism
Deontology
Virtue ethics
Kantianism
explain utilitarianism in medicine
do what creates the greatest good and minimizes the most harm
explain deontology
‘do unto other as you would be done by’
do what is morally correct regardless of the consequences
what are the 5 virtues of virtue ethics
Compassion Discernment (good judgement) Trustworthiness Integrity Conscientiousness (wanting to do a good job)
deductive ethics is?
using one theory and applying it to all situations
inductive approach to ethics?
using past medical events to build guides
what is meta-ethics
explores the fundamental questions and big picture
what are normative-ethics?
focusing on the ethics of individual actions
what are applied ethics?
dealing with specific realms of action and creating criteria for discussing issues
what type of ethical principal guides the GMC duties of a doctor?
deontology - doing what is right in the moment
what is Kantianism
judges morality but it’s adherence to rules and imperatives like do not kill do not steal.
