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PHASE 1 OWN STUFF > RESP > Flashcards

RESP Flashcards

1
Q

What is Daltons Law?

A

total pressure = sum of all partial pressure

why?

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2
Q

what is Boyle’s law?

A

at a constant temperature, the absolute pressure of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
P1V1 = P2V2

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3
Q

using Dalton’s law, what will the total lung capacity of someone (age 23) with a lung volume of 8 litres at the surface be once they have dived to 160m?

A 
P1V1 = P2V2
8x1 = 17 x V2
8/17 = V2
V2 = 0.47L
470mls
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4
Q

what is Henry’s law in relation to concentrations of dissolved gases?

A

when a gas is in contact with a liquid, it dissolves in proportion to its partial pressure
therefore a greater concentration of a particular gas in the gas phase, more of it dissolves into the solution at a faster rate
C = P x Solubility

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5
Q

what is the alveolar gas equation?

A

PAO2 = PiO2 - PaCO2/R

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6
Q

why is surfactant important?

A

surfactant is produced by type ii pneumocytes and markedly reduces the cohesive forces between water molecules on the alveoli surface
it therefore lowers the surface tension which makes lung increases lung compliance and makes it easier to expand the lungs

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7
Q

what occurs during parasympathetic bronchoconstriction?

A

Vagus nerve neurons terminate in the parasympathetic ganglia in the airway wall
short post-synaptic nerve fibres on the ganglia reach the muscle + release acetylcholine (ACh) which acts on muscarinic receptors of M3 subtype on muscle cells
this stimulates airway smooth muscle constriction

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8
Q

what occurs during sympathetic bronchodilation?

A

sympathetic nerve fibres release noradrenaline and this activates adrenergic receptors (either alpha or beta)
sympathetic nerve fibres in airway smooth muscle cells have beta adrenergic receptors
activation of these beta 2 receptors on the airway of the smooth muscle causes muscle relaxation

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9
Q

what are the two main types of cholinergic receptors involved in respiration?

A

nicotinic

muscaranic

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10
Q

what do nicotinic receptors respond to?

A

acetylcholine and nicotine

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11
Q

what stimulates nicotinic receptors?

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Mainly parasympathetic

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12
Q

where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

post ganglionic neurons

neuro-muscular function

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13
Q

what stimulates muscarinic receptors?

A

parasympathetic systems

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14
Q

how many types of muscarinic receptors are there?

A

5

M1,M2,M3,M4,M5

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15
Q

what is the role of the M3 receptor?

A

it is found in the lungs and when acetylcholine binds to it, bronchoconstriction occurs

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16
Q

define hypersensitivity

A

an excessive response by the immune system to things that do not need to be responded to

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17
Q

what are the types of hypersensitivity according to Gell and Coombs’ classification?

A

type I
type ii
type iii
type iv

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18
Q

what is an example of type I hypersensitivity?

A

anaphylaxis

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19
Q

what mediates type I hypersensitivity?

A

IgE

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20
Q

what happens during a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A

there is an immunological memory to something which causes a immediate and often severe allergic response.
free antigens cross link IgE on mast cells and basophils which causes the release of vasoactive substances

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21
Q

what is histamine?

A

a chemical released by mast cells when an antigen binds to IgE, connected to receptors on the cell surface

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22
Q

what effect does histamine have locally?

A

it causes increased venule permeability which causes some arterial dilation and contracts smooth muscle. this results in a local increase in blood flow and oedema and an increased delivery of immune cells to the damaged area
essentially it causes inflammation

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23
Q

when will a type ii hypersensitivity reaction occur?

A

when IgM or IgG bind to cell surface associated antigens

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24
Q

what does a type ii hypersensitivity reaction lead to?

A

tissue injury or altered receptor function

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25
Q

what happens during a type iii hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IgG binds to a soluble antigen and forms a circulatory immune complex.
little lumps the antibody + target get deposited around the body, activating immunity and initiating a local inflammatory reaction
this results in tissue damage

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26
Q

what is different about a type iv hypersensitivity reaction?

A

it is independent of antibodies

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27
Q

what mediates a type iv hypersensitivity reaction?

A

helper T cells and macrophages

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28
Q

what causes a type iv hypersensitivity reaction?

A

a pronounced secretion of cytokines by T helper cells, activated by an antigen in the area

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29
Q

what role do the cytokines have in a type iv hypersensitivity reaction?

A

they act as inflammatory mediators and also activate macrophages to secrete their potent mediators

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30
Q

why is a type iv hypersensitivity also called a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?

A

because it takes several days to develop this hypersensitivity

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31
Q

what disease illustrates a type iv hypersensitivity?

A

tuberculosis

32
Q

what comprises the upper respiratory tract?

A

all structures from the nose to the larynx

33
Q

what are the functions of the upper respiratory tract?

A

turbinates = filter, warm + humidify inspired air
larynx = voice production
sinuses + larynx = quality of voice

34
Q

what are the four regions for airflow in the upper respiratory tract?

A

sphenoethmoidal recess, superior meatus, middle meatus, inferior meatus

35
Q

what are the names of the four paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid

36
Q

where does the pharynx run fro?

A

base of the skull to C6 (this is the inferior border of the cricoid)

37
Q

what are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

38
Q

what are the single cartilages of the larynx called?

A

epiglottis, cricoid, thyroid

39
Q

what are the names of the paired cartilages of the larynx?

A

cuneiform, corniculate, arytenoid

40
Q

which of the laryngeal cartilages are made of elastic tissue?

A

the epiglottis

41
Q

which of the laryngeal cartilages are made of hyaline?

A

thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid

42
Q

what does the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve supply the larynx with?

A 
internal = all sensation to laryngopharynx
external = motor to cricothyroid
43
Q

what does the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve supply?

A

motor function to all laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid

44
Q

what forms the superior border of the anterior triangle?

A

the inferior border of the mandible

45
Q

what forms the lateral border of the anterior triangle?

A

the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

46
Q

what forms the medial border of the anterior triangle?

A

the sagittal line down the midline of the neck

47
Q

what is the location of the transthoracic plane and what is found here?

A

it is located at the vertebral level of T4.

it is where the trachea bifurcates and is also where the aortic arch can be found

48
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

everything from the vocal cords to the alveoli

49
Q

what is involved in the conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract?

A

the trachea to the terminal bronchioles

50
Q

what is involved in the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory tract?

A

the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli

51
Q

what is the main function of the lower respiratory tract?

A

RESPIRATION!!

52
Q

where do the left and right main bronchi divide at?

A

the carina (T5)

53
Q

what are the structures found within the respiratory tree?

A 
Trachea - cricoid to carina
R+L main bronchi
R+L lobar bronchi
segmental branches
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchiole
alveolar duct
alveolar sac
alveoli
54
Q

what is the blood supply to the lungs?

A
  1. deoxygenated = pulmonary arteries

2. oxygenated = bronchial artery (from thoracic aorta)

55
Q

what is the innervation of the lungs?

A

the vagus nerve

56
Q

what is the venous drainage of the lungs?

A
  1. bronchial veins drain deoxygenated blood to azygous vein

2. the four pulmonary veins drain oxygenated blood into the left atria

57
Q

what are the inferior lung borders?

A

ribs 6, 8, 10

58
Q

what are the two types of lung pleurae?

A

visceral and parietal

59
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3:
superior lobe
middle lobe
inferior lobe

60
Q

how many fissures does the right lung have?

A 
2:
horizontal fissure (at 4th rib)
oblique fissure (at 6th anteriorly, 4th posteriorly)
61
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2:
superior lobe
inferior lobe

62
Q

how many fissures does the left lung have?

A 
1:
oblique fissure (at 6th rib)
63
Q

what is the hilum of the lung?

A

where structures enter and leave via the lung root

64
Q

where is the hilum found?

A

at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th costal cartilage positions

65
Q

what is found in the hilum of the lung?

A

pulmonary artery (R+L)
pulmonary vein (sup + inf)
bronchus (R/L)
pulmonary ligament

66
Q

what innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

specifically spinal roots C3,4,5

67
Q

what passes through the diaphragm at the level of T8?

A

inferior vena cava

68
Q

what passes through the diaphragm at the level of T10?

A

Oesophagus

69
Q

what passes through the diaphragm at the level of T12

A

Abdominal aorta

70
Q

what provides sensory innervation to the diaphragm?

A

the lower intercostal nerves

71
Q

what is found within the carotid sheath?

A

common carotid artery
vagus nerve
internal jugular vein

72
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the respiratory tract?

A

ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium interspersed with goblet cells

73
Q

what shape rings of cartilage does the trachea have?

A

C shaped cartilaginous rings

74
Q

what is found in the vocal cords?

A

Reinke’s space

75
Q

what epithelium is found in type 1 pneumocystis?

A

squamous epithelial cells with tight junctions

PHASE 1 OWN STUFF (7 decks)

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