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PHASE 1 OWN STUFF > Anatomy 2022 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2022 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pectoral girdle?

A

the clavicle, scapula and the muscles attached to these bones

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2
Q

define the arm

A

the region between the shoulder and the elbow joints

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3
Q

what is the bone of the arm

A

the humerus

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4
Q

what compartments does the arm contain?

A

the anterior and posterior muscle compartments

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5
Q

what is the forearm?

A

the region between the elbow and the wrist joint.

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6
Q

what are the bones of the forearm?

A

the radius and ulna

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7
Q

what is the glenohumeral joint?

A

the shoulder joint. it is a ball and socket joint formed by the articulation between the scapula and the proximal humerus

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8
Q

what is the elbow joint?

A

a synovial hinge joint formed by the articulation of the distal humerus with the ulna and radius. it allows flexion and extension of the arm

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9
Q

what is one of the main roles of the elbow joint?

A

it allows us to bring things towards us and is crucial for activities of daily living, such as eating and washing ourselves

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10
Q

what are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?

A

synovial joints between the radius and ulna. they allow pronation and supination of the forearm and hand

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11
Q

what is the radiocarpal joint?

A

the wrist joint. it is a synovial joint formed by the articulation between the distal radius and two of the carpal bones. it allows flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.

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12
Q

anterior movement of scapula =

A

protraction

i.e when we reach out our arm to push open a door

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13
Q

posterior movement of the scapula =

A

retraction

aka squaring the shoulders

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14
Q

what are the movements of the pectoral girdle?

A

protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, rotation

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15
Q

what does the clavicle articulate with at its medial end?

A

the sternum, forming the sternoclavicular joint

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16
Q

what does the clavicle articulate with at its lateral end?

A

the acromium of the scapula, forming the acromioclavicular joint

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17
Q

what shape is the clavicle?

A

it is an S shaped bone

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18
Q

what types of joint are the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joint?

A

they are both synovial joints

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19
Q

what is the pectoral girdle?

A

the scapula, clavicle + attached muscles

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20
Q

what is the shallow fossa of the lateral scapula called?

A

the glenoid fossa

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21
Q

what does the glenoid fossa articulate with and what does this form?

A

the proximal humerus to form the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)

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22
Q

what are the small projections of bone just superior and inferior to the glenoid fossa?

A

the supraglenoid and infraglenoid tubercles

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23
Q

what is the humerus?

A

the long bone of the arm

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24
Q

what is the groove of the head of the humerus?

A

the anatomical neck of the humerus

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25
Q

what is the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

a projection of bone that is found lateral to the proximal humerus which is an important site for muscle attachments

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26
Q

what is the smaller anterior projection associated with the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

the lesser tubercles

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27
Q

at what point does the humerus become continuous with the shaft? what is this region called?

A

just distal to the tubercles. this is called the surgical neck

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28
Q

why is the surgical neck of the humerus clinically important?

A
  • it is commonly fractured, especially in the elderly
  • the axillary nerve runs close to this region and can be injured by fractures to the surgical neck or by dislocation of the humeral head
29
Q

what is the deltoid tuberosity?

A

a slight protuberance found in the upper lateral aspect of the humeral shaft. it is the site of attachment for the deltoid muscle

30
Q

what is the radial groove?

A

a groove in the humerus that marks the path of the radial nerve over the posterior aspect of the upper part of the humeral shaft

31
Q

when can the radial nerve be damaged?

A

when there is a mid-shaft humeral fracture

32
Q

what muscle is involved in the protraction of the scapula?

A

serratus anterior

33
Q

what are the two large superficial muscles of the posterior girdle?

A

trapezius

latissimus dorsi

34
Q

describe the trapezius and latissimus dorsi

A

they are two large, flat muscles with extensive attachments to the vertebral column. the trapezius also attaches to the skull

35
Q

what does the latissimus dorsi attach to?

A

the anterior aspect of the proximal humerus, not the scapula which means it moves the shoulder joint

36
Q

what are the three deeper muscles involved in the movement of the scapula?

A

levator scapulae (Harry Potter muscle)
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor

37
Q

what do the three deeper muscles involved in the movement of the scapula attach to?

A

they attach the medial border of the scapula to the vertebral column

38
Q

what movements does the trapezius produce in the scapula?

A

upper part = elevates scapula
middle part = retracts scapula
lower part = depresses scapula
ALSO rotates scapula

39
Q

what movements does the latissimus dorsi produce in the humerus?

A

extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus

40
Q

what movement does the Levator scapulae produce in the scapula?

A

elevates it

41
Q

what movement does the rhomboid major produce in the scapula?

A

retracts it

42
Q

what movement does the rhomboid minor produce in the scapula?

A

retracts it

43
Q

what is the origin (attachment) of the trapezius?

A

skull, cervical and thoracic vertebrae

44
Q

what is the insertion of the trapezius?

A

clavicle + scapula

-> specifically the spine and acromion

45
Q

what is the origin (attachment) of latissimus dorsi?

A

lower thoracic vertebrae

46
Q

what is the insertion of latissimus dorsi?

A

humerus (upper, anterior)

47
Q

what is the origin (attachment) of the levator scapulae?

A

upper cervical vertebrae

48
Q

what is the insertion of the levator scapulae?

A

scapula (medial border)

49
Q

what is the origin (attachment) of the rhomboid minor?

A

C7 and T1

50
Q

what is the insertion of rhomboid minor?

A

medial border of the scapula

51
Q

what is the origin (attachment) of the rhomboid major?

A

thoracic vertebrae

52
Q

what is the insertion of rhomboid major?

A

medial border of the scapula

53
Q

what are the majority of the muscles of the posterior pectoral region innervated by?

A

branches of the brachial plexus

54
Q

what innervates the trapezius?

A

the spinal root of the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI)

55
Q

what innervates latissimus dorsi?

A

the thoracodorsal nerve (branch of brachial plexus)

56
Q

what are the possible movements of the shoulder joint?

A 
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
medial (internal) + lateral (external) rotation
circumduction
57
Q

what is key for extensive mobility of the shoulder joint?

A

the poor fit between the joint surfaces of the scapula and humerus

58
Q

what muscles attach the scapula to the humerus?

A 
deltoid
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
subscapularis
teres minor
teres major
59
Q

what muscles form the rotator cuff?

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
subscapularis
teres minor

60
Q

what does the deltoid attach the humerus to?

A

the lateral aspect of the clavicle and the spine of the scapula
– it is what gives the shoulder its rounded contour

61
Q

where does the deltoid insert onto the humerus?

A

the deltoid tuberosity

62
Q

what is its main role in the shoulder joint?

A

it is a powerful abductor of the shoulder joint

63
Q

what do the anterior and posterior fibres of deltoid contribute to?

A

flexion and extension of the shoulder

64
Q

what innervates the deltoid?

A

a major branch of the brachial plexus, the axillary nerve

65
Q

what can injury to the axillary nerve lead to?

A

atrophy + weakness (or even paralysis) of the deltoid, which impacts on activities of daily living

66
Q

where does teres major insert?

A

it inserts onto the anterior aspect of the humerus

67
Q

what is the origin of teres major?

A

the posterior aspect of the scapula

68
Q

what role does teres major have?

A

it is a medial rotator and adductor of the shoulder joint

PHASE 1 OWN STUFF (7 decks)

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