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PHASE 1 OWN STUFF > Anatomy 2022 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2022 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pectoral girdle?

A

the clavicle, scapula and the muscles attached to these bones

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2
Q

define the arm

A

the region between the shoulder and the elbow joints

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3
Q

what is the bone of the arm

A

the humerus

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4
Q

what compartments does the arm contain?

A

the anterior and posterior muscle compartments

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5
Q

what is the forearm?

A

the region between the elbow and the wrist joint.

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6
Q

what are the bones of the forearm?

A

the radius and ulna

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7
Q

what is the glenohumeral joint?

A

the shoulder joint. it is a ball and socket joint formed by the articulation between the scapula and the proximal humerus

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8
Q

what is the elbow joint?

A

a synovial hinge joint formed by the articulation of the distal humerus with the ulna and radius. it allows flexion and extension of the arm

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9
Q

what is one of the main roles of the elbow joint?

A

it allows us to bring things towards us and is crucial for activities of daily living, such as eating and washing ourselves

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10
Q

what are the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?

A

synovial joints between the radius and ulna. they allow pronation and supination of the forearm and hand

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11
Q

what is the radiocarpal joint?

A

the wrist joint. it is a synovial joint formed by the articulation between the distal radius and two of the carpal bones. it allows flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.

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12
Q

anterior movement of scapula =

A

protraction

i.e when we reach out our arm to push open a door

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13
Q

posterior movement of the scapula =

A

retraction

aka squaring the shoulders

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14
Q

what are the movements of the pectoral girdle?

A

protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, rotation

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15
Q

what does the clavicle articulate with at its medial end?

A

the sternum, forming the sternoclavicular joint

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16
Q

what does the clavicle articulate with at its lateral end?

A

the acromium of the scapula, forming the acromioclavicular joint

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17
Q

what shape is the clavicle?

A

it is an S shaped bone

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18
Q

what types of joint are the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joint?

A

they are both synovial joints

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19
Q

what is the pectoral girdle?

A

the scapula, clavicle + attached muscles

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20
Q

what is the shallow fossa of the lateral scapula called?

A

the glenoid fossa

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21
Q

what does the glenoid fossa articulate with and what does this form?

A

the proximal humerus to form the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)

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22
Q

what are the small projections of bone just superior and inferior to the glenoid fossa?

A

the supraglenoid and infraglenoid tubercles

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23
Q

what is the humerus?

A

the long bone of the arm

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24
Q

what is the groove of the head of the humerus?

A

the anatomical neck of the humerus

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25
what is the greater tubercle of the humerus?
a projection of bone that is found lateral to the proximal humerus which is an important site for muscle attachments
26
what is the smaller anterior projection associated with the greater tubercle of the humerus?
the lesser tubercles
27
at what point does the humerus become continuous with the shaft? what is this region called?
just distal to the tubercles. this is called the surgical neck
28
why is the surgical neck of the humerus clinically important?
- it is commonly fractured, especially in the elderly - the axillary nerve runs close to this region and can be injured by fractures to the surgical neck or by dislocation of the humeral head
29
what is the deltoid tuberosity?
a slight protuberance found in the upper lateral aspect of the humeral shaft. it is the site of attachment for the deltoid muscle
30
what is the radial groove?
a groove in the humerus that marks the path of the radial nerve over the posterior aspect of the upper part of the humeral shaft
31
when can the radial nerve be damaged?
when there is a mid-shaft humeral fracture
32
what muscle is involved in the protraction of the scapula?
serratus anterior
33
what are the two large superficial muscles of the posterior girdle?
trapezius | latissimus dorsi
34
describe the trapezius and latissimus dorsi
they are two large, flat muscles with extensive attachments to the vertebral column. the trapezius also attaches to the skull
35
what does the latissimus dorsi attach to?
the anterior aspect of the proximal humerus, not the scapula which means it moves the shoulder joint
36
what are the three deeper muscles involved in the movement of the scapula?
levator scapulae (Harry Potter muscle) rhomboid major rhomboid minor
37
what do the three deeper muscles involved in the movement of the scapula attach to?
they attach the medial border of the scapula to the vertebral column
38
what movements does the trapezius produce in the scapula?
upper part = elevates scapula middle part = retracts scapula lower part = depresses scapula ALSO rotates scapula
39
what movements does the latissimus dorsi produce in the humerus?
extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus
40
what movement does the Levator scapulae produce in the scapula?
elevates it
41
what movement does the rhomboid major produce in the scapula?
retracts it
42
what movement does the rhomboid minor produce in the scapula?
retracts it
43
what is the origin (attachment) of the trapezius?
skull, cervical and thoracic vertebrae
44
what is the insertion of the trapezius?
clavicle + scapula | -> specifically the spine and acromion
45
what is the origin (attachment) of latissimus dorsi?
lower thoracic vertebrae
46
what is the insertion of latissimus dorsi?
humerus (upper, anterior)
47
what is the origin (attachment) of the levator scapulae?
upper cervical vertebrae
48
what is the insertion of the levator scapulae?
scapula (medial border)
49
what is the origin (attachment) of the rhomboid minor?
C7 and T1
50
what is the insertion of rhomboid minor?
medial border of the scapula
51
what is the origin (attachment) of the rhomboid major?
thoracic vertebrae
52
what is the insertion of rhomboid major?
medial border of the scapula
53
what are the majority of the muscles of the posterior pectoral region innervated by?
branches of the brachial plexus
54
what innervates the trapezius?
the spinal root of the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI)
55
what innervates latissimus dorsi?
the thoracodorsal nerve (branch of brachial plexus)
56
what are the possible movements of the shoulder joint?
``` flexion extension abduction adduction medial (internal) + lateral (external) rotation circumduction ```
57
what is key for extensive mobility of the shoulder joint?
the poor fit between the joint surfaces of the scapula and humerus
58
what muscles attach the scapula to the humerus?
``` deltoid supraspinatus infraspinatus subscapularis teres minor teres major ```
59
what muscles form the rotator cuff?
supraspinatus infraspinatus subscapularis teres minor
60
what does the deltoid attach the humerus to?
the lateral aspect of the clavicle and the spine of the scapula -- it is what gives the shoulder its rounded contour
61
where does the deltoid insert onto the humerus?
the deltoid tuberosity
62
what is its main role in the shoulder joint?
it is a powerful abductor of the shoulder joint
63
what do the anterior and posterior fibres of deltoid contribute to?
flexion and extension of the shoulder
64
what innervates the deltoid?
a major branch of the brachial plexus, the axillary nerve
65
what can injury to the axillary nerve lead to?
atrophy + weakness (or even paralysis) of the deltoid, which impacts on activities of daily living
66
where does teres major insert?
it inserts onto the anterior aspect of the humerus
67
what is the origin of teres major?
the posterior aspect of the scapula
68
what role does teres major have?
it is a medial rotator and adductor of the shoulder joint

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