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PHASE 1 OWN STUFF > Neuro 2022 > Flashcards

Neuro 2022 Flashcards

1
Q

what is contained within the hindbrain?

A

medulla oblongata
pons
cerebellum

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2
Q

what is the medulla oblongata derived from?

A

meyencephalon

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3
Q

what is the pons derived from?

A

metencephalon

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4
Q

what is the cerebellum derived from?

A

metencephalon

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5
Q

what is the midbrain subdivided into?

A

tectum

cerebral peduncle

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6
Q

what is the forebrain divisable into?

A

diencephalon

telencephalon

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7
Q

what does the diencephalon comprise of?

A

thalamus + hypothalamus

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8
Q

wha does the telencephalon comprise of?

A

cerebral cortex + basal ganglia

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9
Q

what is the median/sagittal plane of the brain?

A

a vertical plane passing through the length of the sagittal suture of the skull and hence in the long axis of the brain. Planes parallel to this, but away from the midline are called PARASAGITTAL PLANES. The median plane divides the left and right sides of the entire body.

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10
Q

what does medial mean in relation to the brain?

A

it implies towards the SAGITTAL PLANE/midline

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11
Q

what does the term lateral mean in relation to the brain?

A

away from the sagittal plane/midline

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12
Q

what does the term superior mean in relation to the brain?

A

towards the uppermost part of the cerebral hemisphere

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13
Q

what does the term inferior mean in relation to the brain?

A

towards the base of the brain

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14
Q

what does rostral mean in relation to the brain?

A

refers to the direction towards the front (literally the beak) of the animal,

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15
Q

what does caudal mean in relation to the brain?

A

refers to the direction towards the tail of an animal

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16
Q

what is the obex?

A

the place where the 4th ventricle becomes the spinal canal

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17
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

a group of deep brain structures important in regulation of learning, memory and emotions

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18
Q

what structures are found within the limbic system?

A 
the amygdala
the fornix
the hippocampus
anterior thalamic nuclei
hypothalamus
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19
Q

what is the papez circuit?

A

the part of the limbic system responsible for memory processing

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20
Q

what are the structures involved in the papez circuit?

A 
cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
hippocampus
mammillary bodies
anterior thalamic nuclei
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21
Q

what are the three components of the brainstem?

A

pons
medulla
midbrain

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22
Q

what is the midbrain important for?

A

motor control, vision, hearing, sleep and temperature regulation

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23
Q

what does the midbrain contain?

A 
tegmentum
tectum - made of superior colliculi and inferior colliculi
substantia nigra
cerebral aqueduct
cerebral peduncles
red nucleus
periaqueductal grey matrer
edinger-westphal nucleus
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24
Q

what is the tegmentum?

A

the ventral part of the brainstem

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25
Q

what is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

the communication between the 3rd + 4th ventricle

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26
Q

what is the tectum?

A

the dorsal part of the brainstem,

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27
Q

what is the superior colliculus involved in?

A

sight

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28
Q

what is the inferior colliculus involved in?

A

hearing

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29
Q

what does a disorder of the substantia nigra cause?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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30
Q

what is important to remember about the pons?

A

a lot of cranial nerve nuclei are found here

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31
Q

what sits below the pons?

A

the medulla oblongata

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32
Q

what does the medulla contain?

A 
pons
olives
pyramids
anterior fissure
ventero-lateral sulcus
postero-lateral sulcus
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33
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A

anterior lobe
posterior lobe (LARGE!)
flocculonodular lobe

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34
Q

what is the cerebellum involved in?

A

modulating movement + fine touch

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35
Q

what is the function of the pineal body?

A

produces melatonin
important to regulating sleep
sits just about superior colliculi

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36
Q

what is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

involved in planning movements and motor learning regulation of motor movements and visually controlled movement

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37
Q

what is the spin-cerebellum involved in?

A

regulating body movements by allowing for error correction

it also receives proprioceptive information

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38
Q

what is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

balance and ocular reflexes, mainly fixation on a target

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39
Q

blood supply of cerebellum

A

3 arteries:
branches of superior cerebellar artery (which is itself a branch of the basilar)
inferior cerebellar artery (ant inf + pos inf)
*anterior inf is branch of basilar
** posterior inf is branch of vertebral

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40
Q

what are the 3 main types of vertebrae?

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar

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41
Q

what is the vertebral canal?

A

the large space in the middle of a vertebra

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42
Q

what do the vertebral arteries travel through?

A

the vertebral foramina

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43
Q

where does the spinal cord run?

A

from the base of the skull to L1/2

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44
Q

What does the spinal cord end as?

A

the conus medullaris

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45
Q

what does the spinal cord become after the conus medullaris?

A

the cauda equina (from L2)

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46
Q

what does the spinal cord contain?

A

the spinal tracts which convey sensations to the brain and actions from the brain

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47
Q

what is the filum terminale?

A

where the meninges of the brain end

48
Q

what are the ascending spinal tracts?

A

DCML

Spinothalamic

49
Q

what does the spinothalamic tract do?

A

relays information from spine to thalamus

50
Q

what does the anterior spinothalamic tract do?

A

the anterior spinothalamic tract carries crude touch and pressure

51
Q

what does the lateral spinothalamic tract do?

A

the lateral spinothalamic tract carries pain and temperature

52
Q

where does the spinothalamic tract decussate?

A

decussates 2-3 spinal levels above the point of entry

53
Q

where do cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion synapse?

A

cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion synapse at the level they decussate (dorsal horn) and in thalamus

54
Q

what does the DC in DCML stand for?

A

dorsal column = posterior columns of spinal cord

55
Q

what does the ML in DCML stand for?

A

medial lemniscus = area of brain it runs through

56
Q

What is the function of the DCML?

A

DCML carries fine touch, vibration and proprioception

57
Q

what are the two sections of the DCML

A

two sections =
fasciculus cuneatus
fascicles gracilis

58
Q

what is the fasciculus cuneatus?

A

fasciculus cuneatus:
“bundle wedged shape”
lateral
carries fibres from upper body (i.e T6 + above)

59
Q

what is the fasciculus gracilis

A

fasciculus gracilis:
medial
carries fibres from lower body (T7 + below)

60
Q

late

A

lateral reticulospinal tract arises from the medulla

inhibits voluntary movements and reduces muscle tone

61
Q

what are all descending tracts?

A

all descending tracts are upper motor neurons

62
Q

what are the two groups of descending tracts split into?

A

the two groups of descending tracts = pyramidal and extrapyramidal

63
Q

what do descending tracts carry?

A

descending tracts carry signals from the brain to the lower motor neurone

64
Q

what do pyramidal tracts continue to pass through?

A

pyramidal tracts still pass through the brainstem!!

65
Q

where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate?

A

lateral corticospinal tract decussates in medulla

goes to limb muscles

66
Q

where does the anterior corticospinal tract decussate?

A

anterior corticospinal tract decussates in ventral horn

goes to axial muscles

67
Q

how many extrapyramidal tracts are there and where do they originate?

A

there are 4 extrapyramidal tracts and originate in the brainstem,

68
Q

where does the rubrospinal tract originate and what is its function?

A

rubrospinal tracts originate from the red nucleus

they have a role in fine control of hand movements

69
Q

where does the tectospinal tract arise and what is its function?

A

tectospinal tracts begins at the superior colliculus which receives input from the optic nerve
they coordinate head movements in relation to visual stimuli

70
Q

which of the extra pyramidal tracts decussate?

A

rubrospinal and tectospinal tracts decussate so provide contralateral innervation

71
Q

which of the extra pyramidal tracts do not decussate?

A

reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts do not decussate and so provide ipsilateral innervation

72
Q

where does the medial reticulospinal tract arise from and what is its function?

A

medial reticulospinal tract arises from the pons

facilitates voluntary movements by increasing muscle tone

73
Q

where does the lateral reticulospinal tract arise from and what is its function?

A

lateral reticulospinal tract arises from the medulla

inhibits voluntary movements and reduces muscle tone

74
Q

where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract arise from and what is its function?

A

vestibulospinal tracts receive input from balance organs

they control balance and posture

75
Q

what controls the biceps reflex?

A

biceps reflex controlled by C5-6

76
Q

what controls the patellar reflex?

A

patellar reflex controlled by L2-4

77
Q

what controls the jaw reflex?

A

Jaw reflex controlled by C5

78
Q

what controls the triceps reflex?

A

triceps reflex controlled by C7-8

79
Q

what controls the achilles reflex?

A

achilles reflex controlled by S1

80
Q

what are the four main lobes of the brain??

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

81
Q

what is the basic function of the frontal lobe?

A
  • voluntary movement of contralateral part of the body
  • dominant hemisphere controls speech (Broca’s area)
  • intellectual functioning, thought processing + personality
82
Q

what is the basic function of the temporal lobe?

A
  • understanding language and processing auditory information - Wernicke’s area
  • encoding of long-term memory
83
Q

what is the basic function of the parietal lobe?

A

receives and interprets sensations such as: pain, touch pressure, size, shape, tase smell etc
important in proprioception

84
Q

what is the basic function of the occipital lobe?

A
  • understanding visual images and the meaning of written words
  • visuospatial processing and object/facial recognition
  • colour determination
85
Q

where does the arterial supply of the brain originate from?

A

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

86
Q

what part of the brain does the internal carotid supply? what percentage of total blood supply does it provide the brain with?

A

it supplies anterior portion and provides 80% of the brain with blood

87
Q

what part of the brain do the vertebral arteries supply? what percentage of total blood supply does it provide the brain with?

A

they supply the posterior portion and supply 20% of brain with blood

88
Q

what is not included in the circle of Willis?

A

anything including superior cerebellar artery and below

pontine arteries, basilar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, vertebral artery, PICA, anterior spinal artery

89
Q

what are the three cerebral arteries?

A

the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries

90
Q

what would an anterior cerebral aneurysm result in?

A

loss of contralateral motor and sensory functions of the lower limbs

91
Q

what would a middle cerebral aneurysm result in?

A

contralateral motor and sensory functions of the upper limbs and face (+ Broca’s aphasia)

92
Q

what would a posterior cerebral aneurysm result in?

A

vision problems

it leads to opposing side homonymous hemianopia with Macular sparing

93
Q

what is the main venous drainage of the brain?

A

Internal cerebral veins

external cerebral veins

94
Q

where do internal cerebral veins run and what do they drain into?

A

internal cerebral veins run within the substance of the brain tissue and end when they reach the surface of the brain
they drain into the external cerebral veins

95
Q

where do the external cerebral veins run and what do they drain into?

A

they run on the surface of the brain and drain into the dural venous sinuses

96
Q

where do sinuses form?

A

between the two layers of the dura mater

97
Q

what are the functions emissary veins

A

emissary veins are veins which pass through the foramina of the skull and so help intracranial venous sinuses communicate with the veins on the outside of the skull

98
Q

what is one of the potential issues with emissary veins?

A

they are a potential route for infection/inflammation to spread into the cranium from outside the skull

99
Q

what structures pass through the cavernous sinus?

A 
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal
Maxilliary division of trigeminal
Internal carotid artery
Abducens nerve
Trochlear (again)

Use pneumonic O TOM CAT

100
Q

twelve cranial nerves

A 
I. olfactory
II. optic
III. oculomotor
IV. trochlear
V. trigeminal 
VI. adbucens
VII. facial
VIII. vestibulocochlear
IX. glossopharyngeal
X. vagus
XI. accessory
XII. hypoglossal
101
Q 
A stroke patient describes their symptoms as "vision loss, dizziness and a headache" - which artery was affected?
A. anterior cerebral
B. middle cerebral
C. posterior cerebral artery
D. superior cerebellar artery
A

posterior cerebral artery

102
Q 
A lesion in which area will cause macular sparing right homonymous hemianopia?
A. left occipital lobe
B. right occipital lobe
C. pituitary gland
D. optic tract
A

A

103
Q 
which of the following structures is not formed by the meninges?
A. tentorium cerebelli
B. falx cerebri
C. Superior sagittal sinus
D. Crista galli
A

D

104
Q

what is Broca’s aphasia?

A. receptive aphasia (can produce speech but not understand it)
B. expressive aphasia (understands language but can’t speak)
C. failure to remember words
D. patient speaks gibberish and cannot understand

A

B

105
Q

which of the following embryological structures forms the midbrain?

A. mesencephalon
B. myelencephalon
C. metencephalon
D. diencephalon

A

A

106
Q

which cranial nerve supplies palatoglossus?

A. vagus nerve
B. glossopharyngeal
C. hypoglossal
D. facial

A

A

107
Q

a pituitary tumour compresses on the optic chiasm, what visual defect will the patient have?

A. bitemporal hemianopia
B. contralateral homonymous hemianopia
C. inferior quadrantinopia
D. no visual changes

A

A

108
Q

a bitemporal hemianopia is caused by a lesion compressing which structure?

A. optic tract
B. hippocampus
C. optic nerve
D. optic chiasm

A

D

109
Q

Which of these structures comes after the anterior thalamic nuclei in the Papez circuit?

A. mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus
B. hippocampus
C. cingulate gyrus
D. fornix

A

C

110
Q

which cranial nerve supplies the inferior oblique muscle?

A. optic
B. oculomotor
C. trochlear
D. abducens

A

B

111
Q

which of the following sensory modalities in NOT carried by the spinothalamic tract?

A. pain
B. temperature
C. crude touch
D. proprioception

A

D

112
Q

which spinal tract is responsible for voluntary muscle movement?

A. rubrospinal
B. corticobulbar
C. tectospinal
D. reticulospinal

A

B

113
Q

which nerve supplies the parotid gland?

A. glossopharyngeal
B. facial
C. trigeminal
D. zygomatic

A

A

114
Q

what epithelium is olfactory epithelium?

A. psuedostratified ciliated columnar
B. stratified squamous
C. ciliated cuboidal
D. simple columnar

A

A

115
Q

which cranial nerve(s) pass(es) through the internal acoustic meatus?

A. facial and trigeminal
B. facial and vestibulocochlear
C. vestibulocochlear and trigeminal
D. trigeminal and facial

A

B

116
Q

A patient is unable to shrug their shoulders. where does the nerve, most likely causing this issue, exit the skull?

A. cribriform plate
B. foramen rotundum
C. jugular foramen
D superior orbital fissure

A

C - jugular foramen

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