Neuro 2022 Flashcards
1
Q
what is contained within the hindbrain?
A
medulla oblongata
pons
cerebellum
2
Q
what is the medulla oblongata derived from?
A
meyencephalon
3
Q
what is the pons derived from?
A
metencephalon
4
Q
what is the cerebellum derived from?
A
metencephalon
5
Q
what is the midbrain subdivided into?
A
tectum
cerebral peduncle
6
Q
what is the forebrain divisable into?
A
diencephalon
telencephalon
7
Q
what does the diencephalon comprise of?
A
thalamus + hypothalamus
8
Q
wha does the telencephalon comprise of?
A
cerebral cortex + basal ganglia
9
Q
what is the median/sagittal plane of the brain?
A
a vertical plane passing through the length of the sagittal suture of the skull and hence in the long axis of the brain. Planes parallel to this, but away from the midline are called PARASAGITTAL PLANES. The median plane divides the left and right sides of the entire body.
10
Q
what does medial mean in relation to the brain?
A
it implies towards the SAGITTAL PLANE/midline
11
Q
what does the term lateral mean in relation to the brain?
A
away from the sagittal plane/midline
12
Q
what does the term superior mean in relation to the brain?
A
towards the uppermost part of the cerebral hemisphere
13
Q
what does the term inferior mean in relation to the brain?
A
towards the base of the brain
14
Q
what does rostral mean in relation to the brain?
A
refers to the direction towards the front (literally the beak) of the animal,
15
Q
what does caudal mean in relation to the brain?
A
refers to the direction towards the tail of an animal
16
Q
what is the obex?
A
the place where the 4th ventricle becomes the spinal canal
17
Q
what is the limbic system?
A
a group of deep brain structures important in regulation of learning, memory and emotions
18
Q
what structures are found within the limbic system?
A
the amygdala the fornix the hippocampus anterior thalamic nuclei hypothalamus
19
Q
what is the papez circuit?
A
the part of the limbic system responsible for memory processing
20
Q
what are the structures involved in the papez circuit?
A
cingulate gyrus parahippocampal gyrus hippocampus mammillary bodies anterior thalamic nuclei
21
Q
what are the three components of the brainstem?
A
pons
medulla
midbrain
22
Q
what is the midbrain important for?
A
motor control, vision, hearing, sleep and temperature regulation
23
Q
what does the midbrain contain?
A
tegmentum tectum - made of superior colliculi and inferior colliculi substantia nigra cerebral aqueduct cerebral peduncles red nucleus periaqueductal grey matrer edinger-westphal nucleus
24
Q
what is the tegmentum?
A
the ventral part of the brainstem
25
what is the cerebral aqueduct?
the communication between the 3rd + 4th ventricle
26
what is the tectum?
the dorsal part of the brainstem,
27
what is the superior colliculus involved in?
sight
28
what is the inferior colliculus involved in?
hearing
29
what does a disorder of the substantia nigra cause?
Parkinson's disease
30
what is important to remember about the pons?
a lot of cranial nerve nuclei are found here
31
what sits below the pons?
the medulla oblongata
32
what does the medulla contain?
```
pons
olives
pyramids
anterior fissure
ventero-lateral sulcus
postero-lateral sulcus
```
33
what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?
anterior lobe
posterior lobe (LARGE!)
flocculonodular lobe
34
what is the cerebellum involved in?
modulating movement + fine touch
35
what is the function of the pineal body?
produces melatonin
important to regulating sleep
sits just about superior colliculi
36
what is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?
involved in planning movements and motor learning regulation of motor movements and visually controlled movement
37
what is the spin-cerebellum involved in?
regulating body movements by allowing for error correction
| it also receives proprioceptive information
38
what is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?
balance and ocular reflexes, mainly fixation on a target
39
blood supply of cerebellum
3 arteries:
branches of superior cerebellar artery (which is itself a branch of the basilar)
inferior cerebellar artery (ant inf + pos inf)
*anterior inf is branch of basilar
** posterior inf is branch of vertebral
40
what are the 3 main types of vertebrae?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
41
what is the vertebral canal?
the large space in the middle of a vertebra
42
what do the vertebral arteries travel through?
the vertebral foramina
43
where does the spinal cord run?
from the base of the skull to L1/2
44
What does the spinal cord end as?
the conus medullaris
45
what does the spinal cord become after the conus medullaris?
the cauda equina (from L2)
46
what does the spinal cord contain?
the spinal tracts which convey sensations to the brain and actions from the brain
47
what is the filum terminale?
where the meninges of the brain end
48
what are the ascending spinal tracts?
DCML
| Spinothalamic
49
what does the spinothalamic tract do?
relays information from spine to thalamus
50
what does the anterior spinothalamic tract do?
the anterior spinothalamic tract carries crude touch and pressure
51
what does the lateral spinothalamic tract do?
the lateral spinothalamic tract carries pain and temperature
52
where does the spinothalamic tract decussate?
decussates 2-3 spinal levels above the point of entry
53
where do cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion synapse?
cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion synapse at the level they decussate (dorsal horn) and in thalamus
54
what does the DC in DCML stand for?
dorsal column = posterior columns of spinal cord
55
what does the ML in DCML stand for?
medial lemniscus = area of brain it runs through
56
What is the function of the DCML?
DCML carries fine touch, vibration and proprioception
57
what are the two sections of the DCML
two sections =
fasciculus cuneatus
fascicles gracilis
58
what is the fasciculus cuneatus?
fasciculus cuneatus:
"bundle wedged shape"
lateral
carries fibres from upper body (i.e T6 + above)
59
what is the fasciculus gracilis
fasciculus gracilis:
medial
carries fibres from lower body (T7 + below)
60
late
lateral reticulospinal tract arises from the medulla
| inhibits voluntary movements and reduces muscle tone
61
what are all descending tracts?
all descending tracts are upper motor neurons
62
what are the two groups of descending tracts split into?
the two groups of descending tracts = pyramidal and extrapyramidal
63
what do descending tracts carry?
descending tracts carry signals from the brain to the lower motor neurone
64
what do pyramidal tracts continue to pass through?
pyramidal tracts still pass through the brainstem!!
65
where does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate?
lateral corticospinal tract decussates in medulla
| goes to limb muscles
66
where does the anterior corticospinal tract decussate?
anterior corticospinal tract decussates in ventral horn
| goes to axial muscles
67
how many extrapyramidal tracts are there and where do they originate?
there are 4 extrapyramidal tracts and originate in the brainstem,
68
where does the rubrospinal tract originate and what is its function?
rubrospinal tracts originate from the red nucleus
| they have a role in fine control of hand movements
69
where does the tectospinal tract arise and what is its function?
tectospinal tracts begins at the superior colliculus which receives input from the optic nerve
they coordinate head movements in relation to visual stimuli
70
which of the extra pyramidal tracts decussate?
rubrospinal and tectospinal tracts decussate so provide contralateral innervation
71
which of the extra pyramidal tracts do not decussate?
reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts do not decussate and so provide ipsilateral innervation
72
where does the medial reticulospinal tract arise from and what is its function?
medial reticulospinal tract arises from the pons
| facilitates voluntary movements by increasing muscle tone
73
where does the lateral reticulospinal tract arise from and what is its function?
lateral reticulospinal tract arises from the medulla
| inhibits voluntary movements and reduces muscle tone
74
where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract arise from and what is its function?
vestibulospinal tracts receive input from balance organs
| they control balance and posture
75
what controls the biceps reflex?
biceps reflex controlled by C5-6
76
what controls the patellar reflex?
patellar reflex controlled by L2-4
77
what controls the jaw reflex?
Jaw reflex controlled by C5
78
what controls the triceps reflex?
triceps reflex controlled by C7-8
79
what controls the achilles reflex?
achilles reflex controlled by S1
80
what are the four main lobes of the brain??
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
81
what is the basic function of the frontal lobe?
- voluntary movement of contralateral part of the body
- dominant hemisphere controls speech (Broca's area)
- intellectual functioning, thought processing + personality
82
what is the basic function of the temporal lobe?
- understanding language and processing auditory information - Wernicke's area
- encoding of long-term memory
83
what is the basic function of the parietal lobe?
receives and interprets sensations such as: pain, touch pressure, size, shape, tase smell etc
important in proprioception
84
what is the basic function of the occipital lobe?
- understanding visual images and the meaning of written words
- visuospatial processing and object/facial recognition
- colour determination
85
where does the arterial supply of the brain originate from?
internal carotid and vertebral arteries
86
what part of the brain does the internal carotid supply? what percentage of total blood supply does it provide the brain with?
it supplies anterior portion and provides 80% of the brain with blood
87
what part of the brain do the vertebral arteries supply? what percentage of total blood supply does it provide the brain with?
they supply the posterior portion and supply 20% of brain with blood
88
what is not included in the circle of Willis?
anything including superior cerebellar artery and below
| pontine arteries, basilar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, vertebral artery, PICA, anterior spinal artery
89
what are the three cerebral arteries?
the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries
90
what would an anterior cerebral aneurysm result in?
loss of contralateral motor and sensory functions of the lower limbs
91
what would a middle cerebral aneurysm result in?
contralateral motor and sensory functions of the upper limbs and face (+ Broca's aphasia)
92
what would a posterior cerebral aneurysm result in?
vision problems
| it leads to opposing side homonymous hemianopia with Macular sparing
93
what is the main venous drainage of the brain?
Internal cerebral veins
| external cerebral veins
94
where do internal cerebral veins run and what do they drain into?
internal cerebral veins run within the substance of the brain tissue and end when they reach the surface of the brain
they drain into the external cerebral veins
95
where do the external cerebral veins run and what do they drain into?
they run on the surface of the brain and drain into the dural venous sinuses
96
where do sinuses form?
between the two layers of the dura mater
97
what are the functions emissary veins
emissary veins are veins which pass through the foramina of the skull and so help intracranial venous sinuses communicate with the veins on the outside of the skull
98
what is one of the potential issues with emissary veins?
they are a potential route for infection/inflammation to spread into the cranium from outside the skull
99
what structures pass through the cavernous sinus?
```
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal
Maxilliary division of trigeminal
Internal carotid artery
Abducens nerve
Trochlear (again)
```
Use pneumonic O TOM CAT
100
twelve cranial nerves
```
I. olfactory
II. optic
III. oculomotor
IV. trochlear
V. trigeminal
VI. adbucens
VII. facial
VIII. vestibulocochlear
IX. glossopharyngeal
X. vagus
XI. accessory
XII. hypoglossal
```
101
```
A stroke patient describes their symptoms as "vision loss, dizziness and a headache" - which artery was affected?
A. anterior cerebral
B. middle cerebral
C. posterior cerebral artery
D. superior cerebellar artery
```
posterior cerebral artery
102
```
A lesion in which area will cause macular sparing right homonymous hemianopia?
A. left occipital lobe
B. right occipital lobe
C. pituitary gland
D. optic tract
```
A
103
```
which of the following structures is not formed by the meninges?
A. tentorium cerebelli
B. falx cerebri
C. Superior sagittal sinus
D. Crista galli
```
D
104
what is Broca's aphasia?
A. receptive aphasia (can produce speech but not understand it)
B. expressive aphasia (understands language but can't speak)
C. failure to remember words
D. patient speaks gibberish and cannot understand
B
105
which of the following embryological structures forms the midbrain?
A. mesencephalon
B. myelencephalon
C. metencephalon
D. diencephalon
A
106
which cranial nerve supplies palatoglossus?
A. vagus nerve
B. glossopharyngeal
C. hypoglossal
D. facial
A
107
a pituitary tumour compresses on the optic chiasm, what visual defect will the patient have?
A. bitemporal hemianopia
B. contralateral homonymous hemianopia
C. inferior quadrantinopia
D. no visual changes
A
108
a bitemporal hemianopia is caused by a lesion compressing which structure?
A. optic tract
B. hippocampus
C. optic nerve
D. optic chiasm
D
109
Which of these structures comes after the anterior thalamic nuclei in the Papez circuit?
A. mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus
B. hippocampus
C. cingulate gyrus
D. fornix
C
110
which cranial nerve supplies the inferior oblique muscle?
A. optic
B. oculomotor
C. trochlear
D. abducens
B
111
which of the following sensory modalities in NOT carried by the spinothalamic tract?
A. pain
B. temperature
C. crude touch
D. proprioception
D
112
which spinal tract is responsible for voluntary muscle movement?
A. rubrospinal
B. corticobulbar
C. tectospinal
D. reticulospinal
B
113
which nerve supplies the parotid gland?
A. glossopharyngeal
B. facial
C. trigeminal
D. zygomatic
A
114
what epithelium is olfactory epithelium?
A. psuedostratified ciliated columnar
B. stratified squamous
C. ciliated cuboidal
D. simple columnar
A
115
which cranial nerve(s) pass(es) through the internal acoustic meatus?
A. facial and trigeminal
B. facial and vestibulocochlear
C. vestibulocochlear and trigeminal
D. trigeminal and facial
B
116
A patient is unable to shrug their shoulders. where does the nerve, most likely causing this issue, exit the skull?
A. cribriform plate
B. foramen rotundum
C. jugular foramen
D superior orbital fissure
C - jugular foramen
