Resp 1 Flashcards
three major body systems
-resp
-cardiovascular
-musculoskeletal
Physical exam for respiratory
- posture
- Breathing rate and pattern
- nostril flare (horse)
- nasal discharge (uni vs bilateral, colour, consistency, blood)
5.airflow at nostrils - sinus percussion
- submandibular lymph nodes
- spontaneous or inducible cough
- tracheal and lung auscultation
- rectal temperature
Normal horse resp rate
8-12, up to 16 breaths/min
hyperpnea
increase in resp rate and depth of respiration
Dyspnea
shortness of breath
Manifestations of dyspena
-tachypnea
-extended head and neck position
-mouth breathing (not horses)
-nostril flaring (not cattle)
-increased effort
-abdominal effort
-abducted elbows
-stridor
-anxious expression
-cyanosis with severe distress
-anorexia
Dyspnea causes
-physiologic after exercise
-pathologic at rest or following exercise
Causes of tachypnea
-physiologic with exercise and heat
-pathologic at rest
*O2 needs, metabolic acidosis compensation, heat stroke, CNS disease, weakness of resp muscles/motor nerves
When do you have decreased O2 in environment?
-high altitude
-fire or toxic fumes
Disorders interrupting O2 transfer
-Resp tract disease (ventilation/perfusion mismatch)
-cardiovascular disease (bypassing lungs)
Decreased O2 carrying capacity of the blood
-Anemia (less hemoglobin)
-Abnormal hemoglobin
Environmental heat impact
-animal dissipates heat through resp system
-laboured breathing in hot environment
-thermoregulation in dogs and cats
Abnormal tracheal and lung sounds
-increased intensity/harshness (compared to trachea)
-crackles
-wheezes
-absence of sounds
Intrathoracic airway obstruction
-lower airway
-dynamic airway collapse during expiration
-expiratory distress
Extrathoracic airway obstruction
-upper airway
-dynamic airway collapse during inspiration (eg. laryngeal hemiplegia)
-inspiratory distress
Fixed Airway obstruction
-intraluminal mass
-bronchoconstriction
-inspiratory and expiratory distress- severity depends on anatomic site
Restrictive disease
-pleural effusion
-inhibition of lung expansion
-inspiratory distress
Purpose of Rebreathing exam
Rebreath expired air, making them take deeper breaths
What clinical findings might you find during rebreathing exam?
-Resp rates
-Resp pattern
-Resp effort
-coughing
-lung sounds
-recovery time
