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Resources and industry Flashcards

1
Q

Discuss the minerals found in the Chota Nagpur region

A

Kainite iron chromium mica coal copper limestone manganese

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2
Q

What are the minerals found in Assam region

A

Petroleum and ignite coal

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3
Q

What are the minerals found in central India

A

Iron limestone and coalfields fields

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4
Q

What are the minerals found in Karnataka

A

Iron

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5
Q

What are the minerals found in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu and Telangana

A

Cuddapah @ Kurnool

Micah manganese ignite coal Bauxite

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6
Q

What is the intense that are found in Goa and Maharashtra region

A

Iron manganese and limestone

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7
Q

State the four types of coal

A

Anthracite has 80 to 90% coal , less moisture and burns slowly with a blue flame

Bituminous has 40 to 80% coal dense and compact is a product of Coke and gas

Lignite has 40 to 55% coal, low-grade brown coal high moisture and high smoke

peat has less than 40%
peat is formed by digging plants at swarms high smoke and high ash

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8
Q

What are the concerns regarding coal in India

A

It is import dependence as quality is low and technology is low

Good and low quality coal is found together

Open cast mining causes pollution

Primitive deep mining

Dirty mining damages the land

Carbon dioxide per unit is very high

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9
Q

Where are the petroleum reserves of India

A

In Gujarat it is found in Kheda Ankleshwar and Gandhar

In Rajasthan in Barmer

In Maharashtra Bombay

In Assam at dig boy . Barauni

At Cauvery and Godavari basin

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10
Q

What are the challenges regarding petroleum industry in India

A

Ageing fields
Refineries are not upgraded
Large assets abroad

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11
Q

What is natural gas

A

It is gas trapped in hydrocarbons in the sedimentary rocks under the ocean

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12
Q

Where are the natural gas reserves of India

A

Bombay high
Gulf of Khambhat
Cauvery basin
and Jaisalmer

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13
Q

What are the pros and cons of natural gas reserves

A

Pro =
At different terrain and underwater
safe and pollution free
no delay in transport

Con =
pipelines cannot be increased after put
the initial cost is very high
there is security difficulty and cannot be easily repaired

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14
Q

What are the challenges for India to reach energy security

A

2.4% energy is produced and 3.4% is consumed

The domestic challenges are to explore the sedimentary basin reduce distribution losses and untapped renewable energy

The global challenges and this discovery of shale gas add the United States hence reduce in renewable energy research

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15
Q

What are the suggestions of the Kelkar panel for energy security

A

Reduce import dependence by 2030 roadmap to deregulation of oil and gas

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16
Q

Compare the transport industry of China versus India

A

CHINA
Outsource minor tasks
Railways does not run museums and cultural centres hospitals et cetera
centralised management of depots and stations
Railway available for long distances not for short
Close down railways stations due to low traffic
use fast freight trains to transport coal iron cement
Biggie construction factories run by private companies

INDIA
Railways is a vote bank
management of schools and hospitals because election promises
last three points not in India

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17
Q

Discuss the complimentary and competitive role of Indian railways and roads

A

Railways are only possible in the plains
roads are feeder to railway
Short distance by roads and long-distance by railways
plan to travel at Railways and unplanned at Road

competitive=
initial investment for road
roads attract most of the trade
heavy goods like coal are rail
Roads attract more private partnership
Metro monorail suburban railways
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18
Q

Discuss the major textile industry regions of India

A 
Wool and silk at Kashmir
Wool at Punjab and Haryana
jute at UP Bihar
jute add Andhra Pradesh Telangana Chhattisgarh and Odisha
Cotton and Gujarat and Maharashtra
silk at South India
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19
Q

What are the location factors of cotton

A

Okay when is not new to market
cheap labour
power loom hence energy
Thread break at dry climate hence humidity required

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20
Q

Why is Osaka known as the Manchester of Japan

A 
Black lava soil
hydro electric power plant
skilled labour
yodo river
refinery for by products hence synthetic Phiber
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21
Q

What are the problems regarding the cotton textile industry

A

Input costs are high
crop sensitivity as there are boll worms and white flies
The looms are at a standstill
reduction in petroleum price hence polyester has increased
Indian firms are not part of the global value chain
marketing and branding

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22
Q

What are The location factors for jute

A

Energy water Capital market

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23
Q

What are the challenges regarding jute industry

A

Decrease in global demand

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24
Q

Why has the jute industry shifted to Andhra Pradesh

A

Kolkata is no longer important internationally
sick industry
jute demand in urban area
raw jute for paper at Andhra Pradesh

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25
Q

What are the location factors for woollen industry

A

Dry warm climate large pastures for animal grazing

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26
Q

What are the problems regarding silk industry in India

A 
Competition with Bangladesh and China
not branding
synthetic silk
less demand and less culture
cheaper alternatives
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27
Q

Discuss the silk industry in Europe

A

Less labour but still industry is developed because ROMaterial is available and rich people therefore market and fashion designs

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28
Q

Discuss the silk industry in Japan

A

Declined because less labour and less capital moving to auto mobile sector woman shifted to western dress

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29
Q

What are the location factors for fertiliser industries

A

Near oil refinery and minerals phosphate
import raw material hence ports
water
subsidy andawareness about fertilisers

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30
Q

What are the location factors regarding cement industry

A

Limestone deposits

coalto burn limestone and transport

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31
Q

What are the harmful effects of the cement industry

A

Cement dust can cause allergy
5% CO2
heavy metal emissions

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32
Q

What are the factors required for location of pharmaceutical industry

A 
Petrochemical
import facility
market 
assured market
skilled labour
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33
Q

What are the problems regarding iron and steel industry

A

Industrial inertia where industry does not move is still located near the coal field where the coal is exhausted in Germany

Weight of ROMaterial is greater than the steel produced
Low per capita consumption
Import coking coal
Delay in allocating coal block
Poor infrastructure week micro environment

International hurdles=
Global economic crisis
Shift towards China
Floods at Australia in 2013 hampered import

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34
Q

What are the challenges regarding the aluminium industry

A

China and USA provide cheap aluminium
Half capacity since coal is less and hence furnace oil is less
Less electricity and less transport

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35
Q

Auto mobile industry Location factors

A

Near steel producing areas
Near ports
Government policy to promote export hence SEZ in Gurgaon in Chennai

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36
Q

What is sub irrigation

A

Water at pits letting the plants absorb from the soil

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37
Q

How can we maximise the output of irrigation

A

Canal and tubewells are not useful there for use drip and sprinklers
Integrated watershed management programmes
Reduce growth of weeds in canal

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38
Q

Discuss the government initiatives for irrigation

A

AIBP=. Accelerated irrigation benefit programme to create irrigation facility
CADP= command area development program
Pradhan Mantri Krishi sinchan Yojana = enhance irrigation facilities and sustainable use it has four components- AIBP, Har Khet Ko Paani, neerchal watershed development, Per drop more crop

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39
Q

What are kharif crops

A

Sown in June and harvested in October

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40
Q

What are Rabi crops

A

Sown in October and harvested in June

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41
Q

What are Zaid crops

A

Between Rabi and kharif

Small period in June and October

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45
Q

What are the growth conditions for wheat

A

Drained loamy soil
10 to 15°C at Winter 20 to 25°C at summer
70 to 75 cm rainfall during growth

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46
Q

What are the wheat growing regions

A

Russia United States China Canada Australia Argentina Ukraine
Uttar Pradesh Bihar Punjab Haryana Deccan Rajasthan

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47
Q

What is the effect of western disturbances on wheat

A

Helps growth

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48
Q

What are the growth conditions for maize

A 
Old alluvial well drained soil
 21 to 27°C
High sunlight 
 50-100 cm rain fall
Not grow in rainfall above hundred centimetres
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49
Q

What are the maize growing regions

A

North America Brazil China Russia Canada Mexico

Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Bihar Andhra Pradesh

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50
Q

What are the growing conditions for millet or bajra

A

Shallow sandy black soil
high moderate temperature
less rainfall 40 cm
high sunlight after light showers

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51
Q

What are the millet or bajra growing regions

A

India Niger China

Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Haryana

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52
Q

What is the significance of millet or bajra

A

It is a coarse grain but highly nutritious
it is used as folder
and it is rain fed

53
Q

What are the growth conditions for ragi

A

Red sandy loamy soil
shallow black soil
20 to 30°C

54
Q

What are the ragi growing regions

A

More than 50% at Karnataka

Tamil Nadu Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand Sikkim Andhra Pradesh Jharkhand

55
Q

What is significance of ragi

A

High in iron and calcium and micronutrients

56
Q

What are the growing conditions for barley

A

Lightly alluvial soil
10 to 15°C
75to100 cm rainfall
no heat and humidity

57
Q

What are the barley growing regions

A

Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Haryana Uttarakhand Himachal Pradesh

58
Q

What is the significance of barley

A

Make beer and whiskey gluten-free

59
Q

What are the growing conditions of pulses are the Rabi or kharif

A

Rabi pulses are Tur, urad, moong and masoor
Kharif pulses are peas and gram
They grow in less moisture

60
Q

What are the pulse is growing regions

A

High at Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Maharashtra Karnataka
tur @ mp, gram at peninsular region, moong at the coastal region of the West, urad in the South

61
Q

What is the significance of pulses

A

In rotation with other crops
provide protein
fix nitrogen at soil and increase fertility
reduce the inequality among farmers as it is a boon to the dryland
2016 the international year of pulses

62
Q

What are the problems regarding pulses and what are the solutions

A

Domestic production is not enough
Pulses are grown at marginal land
rice and wheat were emphasised during the green Revolution
pulses are risky as the nilgai can destroy them
low productivity
fungal growth in the storage

Solution =
Public private partnership to store and manage
new hybrid genetically modified seeds
consider social cost before declaring MSP

63
Q

What are the growth conditions for oats

A

Cool and humid temperate
rain and sun for growth
light rain at ripening
well drained loamy soil

64
Q

What are the oats is growing regions

A

Steppes and prairies

Himachal Pradesh Jammu Kashmir and Uttarakhand

65
Q

What is significance of oats

A

Vitamins fibre antioxidants
originally grown as weed
80% farmers barren at winter hence oats popular

66
Q

What are the conditions for rice

A 
Water intensive
Alluvial clay  soil
21 to 25° warm temperature
Rainfall less than hundred centimetres
2500 m above sea level
10 to 15 cm filled with water
67
Q

What are the regions Where rice crop is grown

A

Tropical and subtropical regions of China India Japan and Egypt
Punjab Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Bihar Assam and West Bengal
Assam and West Bengal take three crops per year

68
Q

What are the different techniques of rice plantation

A

In Japan it is transplanted
in the Penninsular India it is dry
in Sri Lanka it is younger saplings or hand sown in low water

69
Q

What are the growth conditions for cotton

A

Black soil with high water content roots to remain moist
21 to 30°C
210 frost free days
50-100 cm rainfall

70
Q

What are the cotton growing regions

A

China United States Pakistan Brazil Egypt

Maharashtra and Cauvery basin

71
Q

Why has the cotton industry shifted from Maharashtra to Gujarat to Tamil Nadu

A

In Maharashtra there was black soil port and importing machinery finance from Parsi and Gujarati traders

it shifted to Gujarat because Mumbai got congested and Ahmedabad became the cotton growing centre plus market for cheap labour then

shifted to Tamil Nadu due to development of ROMaterial and Railways less cold there for hydroelectric development Coimbatore Salem Tuticorin Puducherry

72
Q

What are the problems relating to cotton

A

Over irrigation and dry season is increasing the salinity it is rain fed and pests

73
Q

What are the growth conditions for jute

A

Well drained and fertile soil
24 to 35°C
120 to 150 cm rainfall
heavy and humid rain at growing period

74
Q

What are the Jute growing regions

A

India Bangladesh

Hooghly Godavari West Bengal Bihar Assam Odisha Meghalaya

75
Q

What is the significance of jute

A

Golden fibre ecologically synthetic fibre

76
Q

What are the problems regarding Jute

A

Germany has developed synthetic fibre

has declined need innovation

77
Q

What are the growth conditions for sugar cane

A

Any soil that can retain moisture
hot and humid
annual rains 75 to 100 cm
21 to 27°C

78
Q

What are the sugar cane growing regions

A

India Brazil
Sutlej Ganga plain
Punjab and Bihar almost 50% of the sugarcane UP 40% sugarcane
Karnataka Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh

79
Q

What is the significance of sugar cane

A 
Long duration almost 1 year 
skilled labour disciplined labour 
reliable than cotton 
belongs to the bamboo family 
indigenous to India
80
Q

What are the problems associated with the sugar cane industry

A 
Exhaust fertility 
water intensive 
heavy rains hence sugar content reduces 
post harvesting management is required 
loo at northern plains affect growth
81
Q

What are the growth conditions for tobacco

A

Well drained Sandy loam
Soil is more important than climate
should not have rich organic matter but rich mineral content 16 to 35° Celsius 50 cm rainfall frost is dangerous
flat plain to 1800 m

82
Q

What are the tobacco growing regions

A

Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra

83
Q

What is the significance of the tobacco plant

A

Brought to India by the Portuguese labour intensive two types great one for chewing
80% use 20% export

84
Q

What are the problems related to the tobacco plant

A

Rotation but return high hence grown year after year

85
Q

Discuss the kharif and Rabi oilseeds

A

Kharif seeds are groundnut sesame at North and Rabi seasame at South and rape seed or mustard and flaxseed

86
Q

What are the conditions for oilseeds

A

Groundnuts require 20° to 30°C 50 to 75 cm rainfall Sandy Loamy and yellow black soil
Sesame is grown in rain fed area
Rapeseed requires cool climate

87
Q

What are the oilseed growing areas

A

Gujarat Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu UP Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Bihar

88
Q

What is the significance of oilseeds

A

Highest producer in the world flaxseeds are used in linen fibre
cattle do not eat it

89
Q

What are the problems associated to oilseeds and how can they be solved

A

Low productivity as under utilised oil crushing import vegetable oil input intensive but not high yield

Solution is government promotion Mission oilseeds and oil pump increase production by 4.5% per year
yellow Revolution equal to oilseeds

90
Q

What are the growth conditions for tea

A 
20 to 30° celsius default loamy , well drained  iron rich and rich in organic matter
 frost free and humid
more than 200 cm of rainfall 
at 600 to 1800 m elevation 
warm and cool wind alternative 
shade
91
Q

What are the Tea growing regions

A 
India, Kenya  Sri Lanka
Northeast India 75%
Assam
Surma valley Meghalaya Tripura Arunachal Pradesh
West Bengal - Darjeeling
Duars - Jalpaiguri Cooch Bihar
92
Q

Why has tea plantation developed in the Northeast

A

Assam has 30°C, winter does not more than 10°C
300 to 400 cm rain for nine months

West Bengal has 300 cm of rainfall

Jalpaiguri has more than 400 cm rainfall

93
Q

What is the significance of tea plantations and what are associated problems

A

3 to 5 years to be return but then for 35 to 40 years
200 crore people work

Weight loss hence close to processing
stagnant water is dangerous

94
Q

What are the conditions required for coffee plantations

A 
Drained soil with rich hummus
 minerals iron and calcium 
15 to 25°C 
no direct sun 
hot and humid 150 to 200 cm rainfall
95
Q

What are the coffee growing regions

A

Brazil Colombia Indonesia

North East slopes
sea facing for sea breeze at Yemen

96
Q

What are the problems related to coffee

A

Exhaust nutrients loses test after roasted
only preliminary process at exporting
rest at import

97
Q

What are the growth conditions required for rubber

A 
Deep well drained loamy soil 
300 to 450 m elevation not above 700 m 
25 to 35°C hot and humid climate 
more than 200 cm rainfall all you are distributed 
dry spell and low temperature harm it
98
Q

What are the rubber growing regions

A 
92% in Kerala 
Tamil Nadu at Nilgiri Madurai and Kanyakumari 
Andaman and Nicobar 
Tripura and 
Garo Hills
99
Q

What is the significance of rubber plantations

A

They grow 20 to 30 m and yield up to 5 to 7 years after it

100
Q

Discuss the growth conditions for spices

A

Hot and humid climate
200 to 250 cm rainfall
1000 to 1200 m altitude
loamy and laterite soils

Pepper requires 10 to 30°C 200 to 300 cm rainfall
Cardamom requires 15 to 30°C 150 to 300 cm rainfall
Chilies require 10 to 30°C 60 to 125 cm rainfall
Ginger requires 10 to 25°C 125 to 250 cm rainfall

101
Q

What are the spices growing regions

A

Kerala produces the highest amount of pepper cardamom and ginger
and Assam in Sikkim cardamom is grown
in Rajasthan chilli
turmeric in Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Tamil Nadu

102
Q

What is the significance of spices

A

Spice board at Ministry of commerce and industry

Headquarters at Kochi mandatory quality checks for export

103
Q

What are the growth conditions for mango orange and banana and apple

A

Mango 20 to 30°C any clay soil 75 to 250 cm rainfall

Orange 32° C cool

Banana deep rich loamy soil 15 to 25°C

Apple Loamy and drained soil no waterlogging no frost or fog 100 to 125 cm rainfall

104
Q

Discuss the horticulture and regions in India

A

Mango at Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Uttar Pradesh West Bengal

Oranges and Nagpur Cherrapunji

Banana at Kerala Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Mizoram Uttar Pradesh Bihar

Apples at Kashmir and Uttarakhand

Pineapples at Meghalaya

Pears and apricot in Jammu Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh

105
Q

What Are the challenges to horticulture in India

A

Capital and labour intensive
small size holding hence less marketing
less processing
input costs and risks

106
Q

Why is Cuba known as the sugar bowl of The world

A

What climate fertile calcerous soil therefore 2 crops/ year American investment
started with slave labour

107
Q

What are the solutions to sugar industry in India

A

Reduce ethanol pending from 10 to 3% reduce export duty on ethanol store sugar as buffer

Rangarajan committee recommended to link sugar cane price to the price of allied products

108
Q

Discuss the rice industry of China in India

A

In China irrigation is high
food crops are grown and best lands in India cash crops are grown
planting and harvesting is mechanical
suitcase farming that is farmers live 30 miles away from fields at the city

109
Q

What are the location factors for dairy industry

A

Near the market since perishable

110
Q

Discuss the dairy industry of New Zealand

A 
Cold and humid climate 
perineal growth and nutritious grass
 low cost of fodder 
 generational occupation 
scientific breeding 
strict quality control for export 
milk converted into processed goods like cheese and butter
111
Q

Discuss the dairy industry of Europe

A 
Switzerland Poland Denmark and Holland
 Alpine grass 
Coco and milk chocolate
 traditional skill 
and export cheese
112
Q

Discuss the dairy industry of USA

A

Corn hence feed cattle
extreme winter hence agricultural is low
labour for rearing
automated feeding
increased living standards hence milk demand collection and distribution by farmers cooperative

113
Q

What are the initiative taken by India to prosper dairy industry

A

Rashtriya Kamdhenu breeding centre certified germination of plasma for breeding
Rashtriya Gokul Mission development of indigenous great to increase production
Milk credit card at minimum interest

114
Q

Discuss the meat and poultry industry in USA

A

Chicago beef
Big screen year or away since sustain. Variety of climate

Fast food culture
and contract farming
away from market since eggs and chicken cheap sources of protein for the poor
Near the market since eggs are fragile and cannot be transported for long

115
Q

Discuss the factors required for location of commercial fishing industry

A

Plankton at cool water and hot and cold current mixing , sunlight, shallow continental shelf

Steel and heavy industry for fishing equipment
markets since perishable
indented coastline is breeding ground hence developed in Europe and America
cool temperature help breeding North America more than Japan temperate more than tropics
tropical fish have less oil hence less tasty

116
Q

Discuss the viticulture culture in the Mediterranean

A

Grapes do not grow beyond 50° north and 40° south

maximum sunlight and hills facing the south add northern hemisphere
deep roots that suck water and the soil in France and Italy hence no need of watering
limestone hence high growth
generation and personal attention
reputed wine production stored for many years

117
Q

What are the problems associated with the food processing industry in India

A 
Low demand has low purchasing power 
subsistence farming 
low research and development and cold storage
 products fail at quality checks 
shallow pockets of India and producer 
land clearance and bank loan 
low forward backward linkages 
lack of innovation and branding
118
Q

What is the way forward for food processing industry in India

A

Increase the involvement of rural people infrastructural development and agricultural export zone finance farmers increase marketing and generate social need

Mega food parks 
direct link from farmer to consumer 
network of central processing centres 
financial assistance 50% of cost at normal 75% cost at hiLLS 
NABARD funding
119
Q

Discuss the background of green Revolution

A

The first five year plan equal importance to all sectors

second five-year plan Mahalanobis model heavy industry

1961 and 62 Sino India war hence food crisis
1965 to 66 green revolution high yield variety seeds program from Philippines Mexico model

120
Q

What were the observations of MS Swaminathan for Green Revolution

A

The objective was to manage food crisis and self-sufficiency and modernise the agricultural sector hence

level one = modernise agricultural sector
introduced high yield variety seeds
irrigation
chemical fertilisers and mechanisation

level 2 = crop and region specific

121
Q

What are the pros and cons of green Revolution

A

Pros

Overheat increased up to 4 times
over all crops from 1950 - 50 metric tonne to 1990 - 200 metric tonne

increased fertiliser industry
tube well revolution
roads and market storage
not famine after Green Revolution

Cons

Crop specific and regional specific hence disparity
not according to soil and water
Pulses and millets were ignored
Agro modernisation did not reach the drylands
small farmers did not have the money
input intensive

122
Q

discuss the significance cane and bamboo in Jammu Kashmir and north east

A

Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir has huge Bamboo reserves that can boost its economy in future.
● Bamboo cultivation can revolutionise the industry in Jammu and Kashmir in a cost-effective manner and can open new gates for the young start-ups.
● The UT Govt. is in the process of identifying 100 venues and will identify the programs to be held there in the first phase

123
Q

discuss the significance of the national bamboo mission

A

launched in April 2018.
aims to-increase area under bamboo cultivation and also adopting region based strategies to promote bamboo products.
The NBM envisages promoting holistic growth of bamboo sector by adopting area-based, regionally differentiated strategy and to increase the area under bamboo cultivation and marketing.
● The NBM will be a sub-scheme of National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) under the umbrella scheme Krishonnati Yojana.

Geography 🌍 (6 decks)

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