Resources and industry Flashcards
Discuss the minerals found in the Chota Nagpur region
Kainite iron chromium mica coal copper limestone manganese
What are the minerals found in Assam region
Petroleum and ignite coal
What are the minerals found in central India
Iron limestone and coalfields fields
What are the minerals found in Karnataka
Iron
What are the minerals found in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu and Telangana
Cuddapah @ Kurnool
Micah manganese ignite coal Bauxite
What is the intense that are found in Goa and Maharashtra region
Iron manganese and limestone
State the four types of coal
Anthracite has 80 to 90% coal , less moisture and burns slowly with a blue flame
Bituminous has 40 to 80% coal dense and compact is a product of Coke and gas
Lignite has 40 to 55% coal, low-grade brown coal high moisture and high smoke
peat has less than 40%
peat is formed by digging plants at swarms high smoke and high ash
What are the concerns regarding coal in India
It is import dependence as quality is low and technology is low
Good and low quality coal is found together
Open cast mining causes pollution
Primitive deep mining
Dirty mining damages the land
Carbon dioxide per unit is very high
Where are the petroleum reserves of India
In Gujarat it is found in Kheda Ankleshwar and Gandhar
In Rajasthan in Barmer
In Maharashtra Bombay
In Assam at dig boy . Barauni
At Cauvery and Godavari basin
What are the challenges regarding petroleum industry in India
Ageing fields
Refineries are not upgraded
Large assets abroad
What is natural gas
It is gas trapped in hydrocarbons in the sedimentary rocks under the ocean
Where are the natural gas reserves of India
Bombay high
Gulf of Khambhat
Cauvery basin
and Jaisalmer
What are the pros and cons of natural gas reserves
Pro =
At different terrain and underwater
safe and pollution free
no delay in transport
Con =
pipelines cannot be increased after put
the initial cost is very high
there is security difficulty and cannot be easily repaired
What are the challenges for India to reach energy security
2.4% energy is produced and 3.4% is consumed
The domestic challenges are to explore the sedimentary basin reduce distribution losses and untapped renewable energy
The global challenges and this discovery of shale gas add the United States hence reduce in renewable energy research
What are the suggestions of the Kelkar panel for energy security
Reduce import dependence by 2030 roadmap to deregulation of oil and gas
Compare the transport industry of China versus India
CHINA
Outsource minor tasks
Railways does not run museums and cultural centres hospitals et cetera
centralised management of depots and stations
Railway available for long distances not for short
Close down railways stations due to low traffic
use fast freight trains to transport coal iron cement
Biggie construction factories run by private companies
INDIA
Railways is a vote bank
management of schools and hospitals because election promises
last three points not in India
Discuss the complimentary and competitive role of Indian railways and roads
Railways are only possible in the plains
roads are feeder to railway
Short distance by roads and long-distance by railways
plan to travel at Railways and unplanned at Road
competitive= initial investment for road roads attract most of the trade heavy goods like coal are rail Roads attract more private partnership Metro monorail suburban railways
Discuss the major textile industry regions of India
Wool and silk at Kashmir Wool at Punjab and Haryana jute at UP Bihar jute add Andhra Pradesh Telangana Chhattisgarh and Odisha Cotton and Gujarat and Maharashtra silk at South India
What are the location factors of cotton
Okay when is not new to market
cheap labour
power loom hence energy
Thread break at dry climate hence humidity required
Why is Osaka known as the Manchester of Japan
Black lava soil hydro electric power plant skilled labour yodo river refinery for by products hence synthetic Phiber
What are the problems regarding the cotton textile industry
Input costs are high
crop sensitivity as there are boll worms and white flies
The looms are at a standstill
reduction in petroleum price hence polyester has increased
Indian firms are not part of the global value chain
marketing and branding
What are The location factors for jute
Energy water Capital market
What are the challenges regarding jute industry
Decrease in global demand
Why has the jute industry shifted to Andhra Pradesh
Kolkata is no longer important internationally
sick industry
jute demand in urban area
raw jute for paper at Andhra Pradesh
What are the location factors for woollen industry
Dry warm climate large pastures for animal grazing
What are the problems regarding silk industry in India
Competition with Bangladesh and China not branding synthetic silk less demand and less culture cheaper alternatives
Discuss the silk industry in Europe
Less labour but still industry is developed because ROMaterial is available and rich people therefore market and fashion designs
Discuss the silk industry in Japan
Declined because less labour and less capital moving to auto mobile sector woman shifted to western dress
What are the location factors for fertiliser industries
Near oil refinery and minerals phosphate
import raw material hence ports
water
subsidy andawareness about fertilisers
What are the location factors regarding cement industry
Limestone deposits
coalto burn limestone and transport
What are the harmful effects of the cement industry
Cement dust can cause allergy
5% CO2
heavy metal emissions
What are the factors required for location of pharmaceutical industry
Petrochemical import facility market assured market skilled labour
What are the problems regarding iron and steel industry
Industrial inertia where industry does not move is still located near the coal field where the coal is exhausted in Germany
Weight of ROMaterial is greater than the steel produced
Low per capita consumption
Import coking coal
Delay in allocating coal block
Poor infrastructure week micro environment
International hurdles=
Global economic crisis
Shift towards China
Floods at Australia in 2013 hampered import
What are the challenges regarding the aluminium industry
China and USA provide cheap aluminium
Half capacity since coal is less and hence furnace oil is less
Less electricity and less transport
Auto mobile industry Location factors
Near steel producing areas
Near ports
Government policy to promote export hence SEZ in Gurgaon in Chennai
What is sub irrigation
Water at pits letting the plants absorb from the soil
How can we maximise the output of irrigation
Canal and tubewells are not useful there for use drip and sprinklers
Integrated watershed management programmes
Reduce growth of weeds in canal
Discuss the government initiatives for irrigation
AIBP=. Accelerated irrigation benefit programme to create irrigation facility
CADP= command area development program
Pradhan Mantri Krishi sinchan Yojana = enhance irrigation facilities and sustainable use it has four components- AIBP, Har Khet Ko Paani, neerchal watershed development, Per drop more crop
What are kharif crops
Sown in June and harvested in October
What are Rabi crops
Sown in October and harvested in June
What are Zaid crops
Between Rabi and kharif
Small period in June and October
What are the growth conditions for wheat
Drained loamy soil
10 to 15°C at Winter 20 to 25°C at summer
70 to 75 cm rainfall during growth
What are the wheat growing regions
Russia United States China Canada Australia Argentina Ukraine
Uttar Pradesh Bihar Punjab Haryana Deccan Rajasthan
What is the effect of western disturbances on wheat
Helps growth
What are the growth conditions for maize
Old alluvial well drained soil 21 to 27°C High sunlight 50-100 cm rain fall Not grow in rainfall above hundred centimetres
What are the maize growing regions
North America Brazil China Russia Canada Mexico
Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Bihar Andhra Pradesh
What are the growing conditions for millet or bajra
Shallow sandy black soil
high moderate temperature
less rainfall 40 cm
high sunlight after light showers
What are the millet or bajra growing regions
India Niger China
Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Haryana
What is the significance of millet or bajra
It is a coarse grain but highly nutritious
it is used as folder
and it is rain fed
What are the growth conditions for ragi
Red sandy loamy soil
shallow black soil
20 to 30°C
What are the ragi growing regions
More than 50% at Karnataka
Tamil Nadu Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand Sikkim Andhra Pradesh Jharkhand
What is significance of ragi
High in iron and calcium and micronutrients
What are the growing conditions for barley
Lightly alluvial soil
10 to 15°C
75to100 cm rainfall
no heat and humidity
What are the barley growing regions
Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Haryana Uttarakhand Himachal Pradesh
What is the significance of barley
Make beer and whiskey gluten-free
What are the growing conditions of pulses are the Rabi or kharif
Rabi pulses are Tur, urad, moong and masoor
Kharif pulses are peas and gram
They grow in less moisture
What are the pulse is growing regions
High at Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Maharashtra Karnataka
tur @ mp, gram at peninsular region, moong at the coastal region of the West, urad in the South
What is the significance of pulses
In rotation with other crops
provide protein
fix nitrogen at soil and increase fertility
reduce the inequality among farmers as it is a boon to the dryland
2016 the international year of pulses
What are the problems regarding pulses and what are the solutions
Domestic production is not enough
Pulses are grown at marginal land
rice and wheat were emphasised during the green Revolution
pulses are risky as the nilgai can destroy them
low productivity
fungal growth in the storage
Solution =
Public private partnership to store and manage
new hybrid genetically modified seeds
consider social cost before declaring MSP
What are the growth conditions for oats
Cool and humid temperate
rain and sun for growth
light rain at ripening
well drained loamy soil
What are the oats is growing regions
Steppes and prairies
Himachal Pradesh Jammu Kashmir and Uttarakhand
What is significance of oats
Vitamins fibre antioxidants
originally grown as weed
80% farmers barren at winter hence oats popular
What are the conditions for rice
Water intensive Alluvial clay soil 21 to 25° warm temperature Rainfall less than hundred centimetres 2500 m above sea level 10 to 15 cm filled with water
What are the regions Where rice crop is grown
Tropical and subtropical regions of China India Japan and Egypt
Punjab Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Bihar Assam and West Bengal
Assam and West Bengal take three crops per year
What are the different techniques of rice plantation
In Japan it is transplanted
in the Penninsular India it is dry
in Sri Lanka it is younger saplings or hand sown in low water
What are the growth conditions for cotton
Black soil with high water content roots to remain moist
21 to 30°C
210 frost free days
50-100 cm rainfall
What are the cotton growing regions
China United States Pakistan Brazil Egypt
Maharashtra and Cauvery basin
Why has the cotton industry shifted from Maharashtra to Gujarat to Tamil Nadu
In Maharashtra there was black soil port and importing machinery finance from Parsi and Gujarati traders
it shifted to Gujarat because Mumbai got congested and Ahmedabad became the cotton growing centre plus market for cheap labour then
shifted to Tamil Nadu due to development of ROMaterial and Railways less cold there for hydroelectric development Coimbatore Salem Tuticorin Puducherry
What are the problems relating to cotton
Over irrigation and dry season is increasing the salinity it is rain fed and pests
What are the growth conditions for jute
Well drained and fertile soil
24 to 35°C
120 to 150 cm rainfall
heavy and humid rain at growing period
What are the Jute growing regions
India Bangladesh
Hooghly Godavari West Bengal Bihar Assam Odisha Meghalaya
What is the significance of jute
Golden fibre ecologically synthetic fibre
What are the problems regarding Jute
Germany has developed synthetic fibre
has declined need innovation
What are the growth conditions for sugar cane
Any soil that can retain moisture
hot and humid
annual rains 75 to 100 cm
21 to 27°C
What are the sugar cane growing regions
India Brazil
Sutlej Ganga plain
Punjab and Bihar almost 50% of the sugarcane UP 40% sugarcane
Karnataka Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh
What is the significance of sugar cane
Long duration almost 1 year skilled labour disciplined labour reliable than cotton belongs to the bamboo family indigenous to India
What are the problems associated with the sugar cane industry
Exhaust fertility water intensive heavy rains hence sugar content reduces post harvesting management is required loo at northern plains affect growth
What are the growth conditions for tobacco
Well drained Sandy loam
Soil is more important than climate
should not have rich organic matter but rich mineral content 16 to 35° Celsius 50 cm rainfall frost is dangerous
flat plain to 1800 m
What are the tobacco growing regions
Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra
What is the significance of the tobacco plant
Brought to India by the Portuguese labour intensive two types great one for chewing
80% use 20% export
What are the problems related to the tobacco plant
Rotation but return high hence grown year after year
Discuss the kharif and Rabi oilseeds
Kharif seeds are groundnut sesame at North and Rabi seasame at South and rape seed or mustard and flaxseed
What are the conditions for oilseeds
Groundnuts require 20° to 30°C 50 to 75 cm rainfall Sandy Loamy and yellow black soil
Sesame is grown in rain fed area
Rapeseed requires cool climate
What are the oilseed growing areas
Gujarat Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu UP Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Bihar
What is the significance of oilseeds
Highest producer in the world flaxseeds are used in linen fibre
cattle do not eat it
What are the problems associated to oilseeds and how can they be solved
Low productivity as under utilised oil crushing import vegetable oil input intensive but not high yield
Solution is government promotion Mission oilseeds and oil pump increase production by 4.5% per year
yellow Revolution equal to oilseeds
What are the growth conditions for tea
20 to 30° celsius default loamy , well drained iron rich and rich in organic matter frost free and humid more than 200 cm of rainfall at 600 to 1800 m elevation warm and cool wind alternative shade
What are the Tea growing regions
India, Kenya Sri Lanka Northeast India 75% Assam Surma valley Meghalaya Tripura Arunachal Pradesh West Bengal - Darjeeling Duars - Jalpaiguri Cooch Bihar
Why has tea plantation developed in the Northeast
Assam has 30°C, winter does not more than 10°C
300 to 400 cm rain for nine months
West Bengal has 300 cm of rainfall
Jalpaiguri has more than 400 cm rainfall
What is the significance of tea plantations and what are associated problems
3 to 5 years to be return but then for 35 to 40 years
200 crore people work
Weight loss hence close to processing
stagnant water is dangerous
What are the conditions required for coffee plantations
Drained soil with rich hummus minerals iron and calcium 15 to 25°C no direct sun hot and humid 150 to 200 cm rainfall
What are the coffee growing regions
Brazil Colombia Indonesia
North East slopes
sea facing for sea breeze at Yemen
What are the problems related to coffee
Exhaust nutrients loses test after roasted
only preliminary process at exporting
rest at import
What are the growth conditions required for rubber
Deep well drained loamy soil 300 to 450 m elevation not above 700 m 25 to 35°C hot and humid climate more than 200 cm rainfall all you are distributed dry spell and low temperature harm it
What are the rubber growing regions
92% in Kerala Tamil Nadu at Nilgiri Madurai and Kanyakumari Andaman and Nicobar Tripura and Garo Hills
What is the significance of rubber plantations
They grow 20 to 30 m and yield up to 5 to 7 years after it
Discuss the growth conditions for spices
Hot and humid climate
200 to 250 cm rainfall
1000 to 1200 m altitude
loamy and laterite soils
Pepper requires 10 to 30°C 200 to 300 cm rainfall
Cardamom requires 15 to 30°C 150 to 300 cm rainfall
Chilies require 10 to 30°C 60 to 125 cm rainfall
Ginger requires 10 to 25°C 125 to 250 cm rainfall
What are the spices growing regions
Kerala produces the highest amount of pepper cardamom and ginger
and Assam in Sikkim cardamom is grown
in Rajasthan chilli
turmeric in Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Tamil Nadu
What is the significance of spices
Spice board at Ministry of commerce and industry
Headquarters at Kochi mandatory quality checks for export
What are the growth conditions for mango orange and banana and apple
Mango 20 to 30°C any clay soil 75 to 250 cm rainfall
Orange 32° C cool
Banana deep rich loamy soil 15 to 25°C
Apple Loamy and drained soil no waterlogging no frost or fog 100 to 125 cm rainfall
Discuss the horticulture and regions in India
Mango at Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Uttar Pradesh West Bengal
Oranges and Nagpur Cherrapunji
Banana at Kerala Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Mizoram Uttar Pradesh Bihar
Apples at Kashmir and Uttarakhand
Pineapples at Meghalaya
Pears and apricot in Jammu Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh
What Are the challenges to horticulture in India
Capital and labour intensive
small size holding hence less marketing
less processing
input costs and risks
Why is Cuba known as the sugar bowl of The world
What climate fertile calcerous soil therefore 2 crops/ year American investment
started with slave labour
What are the solutions to sugar industry in India
Reduce ethanol pending from 10 to 3% reduce export duty on ethanol store sugar as buffer
Rangarajan committee recommended to link sugar cane price to the price of allied products
Discuss the rice industry of China in India
In China irrigation is high
food crops are grown and best lands in India cash crops are grown
planting and harvesting is mechanical
suitcase farming that is farmers live 30 miles away from fields at the city
What are the location factors for dairy industry
Near the market since perishable
Discuss the dairy industry of New Zealand
Cold and humid climate perineal growth and nutritious grass low cost of fodder generational occupation scientific breeding strict quality control for export milk converted into processed goods like cheese and butter
Discuss the dairy industry of Europe
Switzerland Poland Denmark and Holland Alpine grass Coco and milk chocolate traditional skill and export cheese
Discuss the dairy industry of USA
Corn hence feed cattle
extreme winter hence agricultural is low
labour for rearing
automated feeding
increased living standards hence milk demand collection and distribution by farmers cooperative
What are the initiative taken by India to prosper dairy industry
Rashtriya Kamdhenu breeding centre certified germination of plasma for breeding
Rashtriya Gokul Mission development of indigenous great to increase production
Milk credit card at minimum interest
Discuss the meat and poultry industry in USA
Chicago beef
Big screen year or away since sustain. Variety of climate
Fast food culture
and contract farming
away from market since eggs and chicken cheap sources of protein for the poor
Near the market since eggs are fragile and cannot be transported for long
Discuss the factors required for location of commercial fishing industry
Plankton at cool water and hot and cold current mixing , sunlight, shallow continental shelf
Steel and heavy industry for fishing equipment
markets since perishable
indented coastline is breeding ground hence developed in Europe and America
cool temperature help breeding North America more than Japan temperate more than tropics
tropical fish have less oil hence less tasty
Discuss the viticulture culture in the Mediterranean
Grapes do not grow beyond 50° north and 40° south
maximum sunlight and hills facing the south add northern hemisphere
deep roots that suck water and the soil in France and Italy hence no need of watering
limestone hence high growth
generation and personal attention
reputed wine production stored for many years
What are the problems associated with the food processing industry in India
Low demand has low purchasing power subsistence farming low research and development and cold storage products fail at quality checks shallow pockets of India and producer land clearance and bank loan low forward backward linkages lack of innovation and branding
What is the way forward for food processing industry in India
Increase the involvement of rural people infrastructural development and agricultural export zone finance farmers increase marketing and generate social need
Mega food parks direct link from farmer to consumer network of central processing centres financial assistance 50% of cost at normal 75% cost at hiLLS NABARD funding
Discuss the background of green Revolution
The first five year plan equal importance to all sectors
second five-year plan Mahalanobis model heavy industry
1961 and 62 Sino India war hence food crisis
1965 to 66 green revolution high yield variety seeds program from Philippines Mexico model
What were the observations of MS Swaminathan for Green Revolution
The objective was to manage food crisis and self-sufficiency and modernise the agricultural sector hence
level one = modernise agricultural sector
introduced high yield variety seeds
irrigation
chemical fertilisers and mechanisation
level 2 = crop and region specific
What are the pros and cons of green Revolution
Pros
Overheat increased up to 4 times
over all crops from 1950 - 50 metric tonne to 1990 - 200 metric tonne
increased fertiliser industry
tube well revolution
roads and market storage
not famine after Green Revolution
Cons
Crop specific and regional specific hence disparity
not according to soil and water
Pulses and millets were ignored
Agro modernisation did not reach the drylands
small farmers did not have the money
input intensive
discuss the significance cane and bamboo in Jammu Kashmir and north east
Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir has huge Bamboo reserves that can boost its economy in future.
● Bamboo cultivation can revolutionise the industry in Jammu and Kashmir in a cost-effective manner and can open new gates for the young start-ups.
● The UT Govt. is in the process of identifying 100 venues and will identify the programs to be held there in the first phase
discuss the significance of the national bamboo mission
launched in April 2018.
aims to-increase area under bamboo cultivation and also adopting region based strategies to promote bamboo products.
The NBM envisages promoting holistic growth of bamboo sector by adopting area-based, regionally differentiated strategy and to increase the area under bamboo cultivation and marketing.
● The NBM will be a sub-scheme of National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) under the umbrella scheme Krishonnati Yojana.
