Climatology , oceanography Flashcards

Question

What is the significance of the adiabatic lapse rate

Answer 1

It defines the stability of the atmosphere

Answer 2

Heat released and observe during the change of phase slg

Answer 3

Mean temperature of a place-mean temperature of parallel latitude Largest at north hemisphere

Answer 4

Cooler temperature at lower levels and higher temperature at higher layers

Answer 5

Long night therefore outgoing heat is greater than incoming heat Clear skies therefore with radiation heat can escape Calm and stable air therefore there is no mixing of air

Answer 6

Air drainage = in valleys the temperature of lower areas increases with altitude at the slopes hence surface heats and rapidly cools then upper layers … inverted Ground inversion Air comes in contact with cooler surface and cools , slowly become cooler than upper areas Subsidence inversion Air layer descends , the pressure increases… compressed and heated moved down and heat lower layers hence upper layer is more hotter than the lower layer Frontal inversion Cold air mass goes under warm air mass

Answer 7

1. Determines cloud types 2. Limits convection 3. Stop smoke at lower layers 4. Daily temperature range is small 5. 0°C and valleys but above air is warm 6. If the temperature at the surface is less then dew point then there is fog 7. Stable condition hence less rain

Answer 8

``` Polar high -60 - converge Sup polar low ——Ferrell cell ——Hadley cell Subtropical high =horse 30-5 Equatorial low ```

Answer 9

Direct heat from the sun at equator hence temperature increases and pressure reduces =equatorial low Air rises due to temperature increases has become light , rises till tropopause , sinks at 30° north and 30° south and hence form subtropical high @polar sun rays slant hence cold air moves s@n , n@s ….polar high Air converges and rises up hence low pressure hence subpolar low

Answer 10

Low-pressure zone where north east and south west winds converge at the equator

Answer 11

Easterly trade winds Circle at the equator | Air mass

Answer 12

It is the force due to the rotation of the earth which causes the wind to get deflected If object goes from south and west here to the north and west where it is deflected to the eastIt is zero at the equator and it is maximum at the polls

Answer 13

Easterly westerly , north-east trade and South East trade

Answer 14

The westerlies are knownThere is ocean in the southern hemisphere hence there is no obstruction in the 45° to 60° south

Answer 15

In the summer the sun moves north word hence low-pressure zone is created Therefore the south hemisphere winds go to the north hem - tradeCrossing the equator they deflect to the right due to Coriolis force Have travelled a long way on the ocean hence have collected moisture which is released at the western edge of the Asian landmass In winter high-pressure zone is created in the northern hemisphere hence north trade winds go to the south from the Tibetan plateau and hence Northeast monsoon is at the east coast of India

Answer 16

``` Chinook at North America Pampers @ s am Foehn @alps Karaburan @ Russia Loo Sirocco @n af Berg @ s af ```

Answer 17

Benefits the Alps 15 to 20°C Helps in animal grazing

Answer 18

45 to 50°C Cause dust storms During may and June

Answer 19

Wind if pressure gradient and Coriolis force are equally balanced

Answer 20

Fast flowing narrow meandering air currents in the atmosphere Circumpolar narrow concentrated bands of air streams meandering at high velocity in the upper troposphere bounded by the low speed wind and are a part of the upper level westerlies

Answer 21

Temperature difference between polar and tropical air masses

Answer 22

Polar jet stream @ polar and Ferrell cellSubtropical jet stream add Ferrell and Hadley cell

Answer 23

Straight line if there is maximum temperature contrastIf difference is less then the meandering starts

Answer 24

Meandering jet streams

Answer 25

Polar jet streams move at 6-9 km/h and subtropical jet streams move at 10 to 16 km/h Difference is because of the troposphere thickening at the equator

Answer 26

It is a permanent jet stream At summer it moves towards the pole in winter it moves to the equator Influences the climate of 60° north and 60° south Determine the path and speed of temperate cyclones

Answer 27

It is a permanent jet stream It moves by the earths rotation The whole year it is in the southern hemisphere in summer it moves to the north hemisphere It is connected to the Indian monsoons

Answer 28

Also known as African easterly jet stream It is between the 5° to 20° north It is a temporary jet stream in the summer monsoon it increases convection in India it is caused by the heating of the Tibetan Plateau

Answer 29

It is also known as the south westerly jet stream In summer it is at North Madagascar and moves towards the south Indian Ocean during winter it is the most intense in June and August

Answer 30

Maintain the latitudinal heat balance by exchange of air When jet streams interfere with the surface wind they cause storms Trace the path of temperate cyclones They influence the air mass therefore there are prolonged drought or flood periods AT TEMPERATE REGIONS Separate cold and warm weather Determine the frontal precipitation and frontal cyclones

Answer 31

Air with distinctive characteristics in terms of temperature and humidity is called in air massThe flow between the surface and the lower stratosphere

Answer 32

Gentle air High-pressure Less fluctuation in pressure Extensive divergent air

Answer 33

Unstable and turbulent Cold and moist and Arctic Ocean and southern ocean Cold and dry at Siberia and North Canada

Answer 34

Stable Warm and dry and the Sahara desert Warm and moist at tropical oceans

Answer 35

Located at Arctic and northern North America, Eurasia Antarctica It is cold dry and stable In the summer it is anti-cyclonic In the winter it is clear and stable

Answer 36

Located between 40° and 60° Cold moist and unstable In the summer it is stable and clear In the winter it causes fog

Answer 37

It is located at Sahara and western Asia and Australia It is dry hot and stable It does not go beyond source area

Answer 38

Located between the Mexican gulf, the Pacific and The Atlantic Ocean Warm humid and unstable In summer cause convectional rainfall In winter cause fog

Answer 39

Carry moisture from one place to another Transport latent heat hence remove heat balance Cyclones originate by the contact zone of two air masses

Answer 40

Three-dimensional boundaries zone formed between the two converging here message of different physical properties

Answer 41

War between two air masses the , formation of a front

Answer 42

Clockwise in the southern hemisphere anti clockwise in the northern in this year Mid latitudinal cyclones are cause by frontogenesis

Answer 43

It is known as Frontolysis One year must wins over the other

Answer 44

Stationary front… The surface position does not change hence the height does not changeThe two masses are not able to push each other hence they enter into a draw Wind is parallel to the frontIt causes frontal precipitation and cyclones and floods Cold front….Cool air mass replaces the warm air massIt causes thunderstorms and tornadoes Warm front ….Warm air wins over cool airThe warm air mass is too weak to take over hence it was above the cold air massIt causes gradual temperature moderate precipitation Occluded front ….Cold air mass ad cool air mass catches up to the warm air mass hence pushes the warm air mass between themThe cold air mass was underneath the warm air massExtra tropical cyclones at western Europe

Answer 45

It is sulfurous smog Caused by fossil fuels and coal Increases by dampness and increase in particles

Answer 46

Also known as photochemical smog It is found in urban areas due to automobiles When nitrogen reacts with the sun hence ozone is formed It is light brown in colour and reduces visibility

Answer 47

Dust or other particles that obstruct the clear sky

Answer 48

Pollution trap by inversion Precipitation reduces Sickness

Answer 49

Nitrogen and nitrogen oxides By combustion of oil gas forest fires and lightning Lower visibility yellow smog and reduced plant growth Volatile organic compounds Evaporation of fuels and incomplete combustion eye irritation respiratory diseases and reduced visibility Ozone By photolysis of nitrogen Reduce crop and plant growth, damage plastic and rubber Peroxyacetal nitrate By reaction of nitrogen oxide with voc Eye irritation and damage to proteins

Answer 50

Renewable energy Manage vehicles Attention to air-quality index Alkaline scrubber is reduced SO2 and SO3 levels Green belts in the city to filter air Reduce coal-fired plants

Answer 51

Amount of water Temperature Relative humidity Surface area Increase in wind therefore blow out saturated air therefore dry air replaces it hence evaporation Increase in temperature and reduce in relative humidity and strong winds hence evaporation increases Evaporation is inversely proportionate to pressure Inversely proportionate to salinity

Answer 52

When the dew point is less or greater than the freezing point

Answer 53

Dew = moisture deposit at a cooler surface Clear sky and calm air and high relative humidity Temperature is greater than freezing point Fog= when highly water vapour air mass cools suddenly Temperature is above freezing point visibility is less than 1 km Advectional fog - warm air moves over cold air White frost= condense at cold surface Temperature is below freezing point and excess moisture is converted into minute ice crystals Mist = same as fog but greater in moistureVisibility is 1 to 2 km

Answer 54

Four types of clouds are formed ``` Cirrus = detached , feathery Cumulus = scattered w flat base Stratus = large surface , layers Nimbus = grey with low ground, shape less ```

Answer 55

Regular volumes of water in a definite path and direction

Answer 56

Primary- initiate Heat by the sun, the water expands and hence it is elevated at the equator which causes a gradient slow from east to west Winds, the monsoon- for seasonal reversal Gravity causes gradient variation Coriolis force the water to the right in northern hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere secondary - move Temperature difference cold and dense therefore sinks Salinity difference higher the salinity dense therefore sinks

Answer 57

Surface at 400 m Deep water after 400 m Move all around due to change in gravity and density Cold ocean currents Move from cold areas to warm areas In the equatorial zone they hit the western coast Above the equatorial zone they hit the eastern coast Clockwise in the northern hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere Warm ocean currents- opposite of cold ocean currents

Answer 58

1. Cold ocean currents form deserts and the tropical region 2. Cause fog and arid conditions 3. Warm currents bring rain to the interiors example summer rain at the british type climate 4. Bring warmness to England and the moderating effect 5. Mixing of ocean current oxygen therefore fishing ground 6. Cold and warm mix therefore fog and drizzle 7. Foggy climate at mixing zones 8. Warm and moist @ subtropical regions dry @ western margin. 9. Piles of warm water at the tropics therefore cyclones 10. Ship usually follow the direction of the current

Answer 59

Rain bearing trade winds blow off shore hence take away the moisture from this region Westerlies blew away from this region Winds are desert or cold region belonging Less cloud formation therefore less moisture

Answer 60

Periodic rise and fall of Sealevel once or twice a day due to the direction of the sun and the moon

Answer 61

Movement of water by meteorological effects like winds or atmospheric pressure

Answer 62

Like an eye Left due to centrifugal force right due to gravity

Answer 63

Movement of the moon and movement of the sun with respect to the earth Uneven distribution of water

Answer 64

Semi = 2h+2l per day 12 hours 25 minutes difference between high and low Diurnal = One high and one low tide per day Mixed tide @ north am. west coast , variation in height

Answer 65

Spring tide is when the sun moon and the earth are in a straight line and it is a high tide it takes place on full moon and new moon Neap tide is when the sun and the earth are in straight line and the moon is perpendicular to the earth it is a low tide it takes place seven days after the spring tide

Answer 66

Perihelion - When the sun is closest to the earth high tidal range Aphelion - when the sun is farthest to the earth the tidal range is low Perigee - when the moon is closest to the earth the tidal range is high Apogee - when the moon is farthest from the earth the tidal range is low

Answer 67

Time between high and low tide when the level is low

Answer 68

Time between low and high tide when the level is high

Answer 69

They are an ecosystem of calcerous organisms which secrete CAC03Hard corals make coral reefs

Answer 70

They get the carbon from ZOXANTHELAE - Photosynthesis in a protected environment with carbon dioxide from the calcareous organisms

Answer 71

Warm water 23 to 27°C therefore in tropics and east margins Water depth up to 180 feet need sunlight No cold currents Salted water free from sediments hence not a delta

Answer 72

Great barrier coral reef at the Australian coast | Goa Kerala and Sri Lanka

Answer 73

Fringing reefs separates the sea from land forming a border on the land mass Barrier reef like islands in the sea Atoll Circular formation where there is no landmass

Answer 74

Barrier against erosion CAC03 production Subsistence for mangroves Food chains are developed

Answer 75

The United Nations has reported that: 70% of the Earth's coral reefs are threatened, 20% have been destroyed with no hope for recovery, 24% are under imminent risk of collapse , and an additional 26% are at risk due to longer-term threats.

Answer 76

When corals face stress by changes in conditions such as temperature, light, or nutrients, they expel the symbiotic algae zooxanthellae living in their tissues, causing them to turn completely white. This phenomenon is called coral bleaching. The pale white colour is of the translucent tissues of calcium carbonate which are visible due to the loss of pigment producing zooxanthellae. Corals can recover if the stress-caused bleaching is not severe. Coral bleaching has occurred in the Caribbean, Indian, and Pacific oceans on a regular basis. CAUSES Increase in temperature Ocean acidification- oceans absorb more carbon dioxide Solar radiation and ultraviolet radiation - changes weather patterns Infectious diseases caused by bacteria. Affect the photosynthesis Increased sedimentation Overfishing and pollution from agricultural run-off Coral mining EFFECTS Fish rely on coral for food and shelter Decline in genetic species decline in diversity Healthy corals attract touristsCauses large shift in fish communities Protect coastlines by absorbing wave energy

Answer 77

Halting unplanned coastal development Sustainable fishing Minimising chemical enhanced fertilisers and pesticides Treating harmful industrial waste Tackling climate change and global warming

Answer 78

Initiatives to Protect Corals : A number of global initiatives are being taken to address the issues, like: 1. International Coral Reef Initiative 2. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) 3. Global Coral Reef Alliance (GCRA) 4. The Global Coral Reef R&D Accelerator PlatformSimilarly, the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), India has included the studies on coral reefs under the Coastal Zone Studies (CZS). In India, the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), with help from Gujarat’s forest department, is attempting a process to restore coral reefs using “biorock” or mineral accretion technology. National Coastal Mission Programme, to protect and sustain coral reefs in the country.

Answer 79

Coral reef is independent ecosystem. Coral reef consists of polyps and algae. Both unicellular algae and filamentous algae are present in polyps. In dead skeleton of coral there is filamentous algae. While unicellular algae is in the body of polyps. The polyp releases carbon dioxide . The carbon dioxide is used by algae . The complete recycling of matter takes place in corals. For photosynthesis of algae it needs light and clear water.

Answer 80

body of ocean water with a distinctive narrow range of temperature and salinity and a particular density resulting from these two parameters.

Answer 81

Also called hypoxic zones Hypoxic zones are oxygen-starved areas in the ocean or lakes are areas where very few or no organism survive. The regions facing such a situation essentially become biological desert.

Answer 82

Natural Cause: In the summer, northerly summer winds work together with the Earth's rotation to push oxygenated surface water offshore and this coastal water is replaced by low-oxygen but nutrient-rich waters from the depths of the continental shelf by a process known as upwelling. Once this nutrient-rich water reaches the ocean's sunlit layers, it fertilizes blooms of phytoplankton. Eutrophication i.e the process by which extra nutrients are added to the water bodies, stimulating an overgrowth of algae, which then sinks and decomposes in the water. The decomposition process consumes oxygen and depletes the supply available to healthy marine life Extra nutrients are added due to fertiliser , domestic and sewage , industries and burning of fossil fuels Global warming increases temperature and affects flowing manner and lowers the solubility of oxygen

Answer 83

Nutrient over-enrichment -behavioral and physiological impacts including reduction in fitness or reproductive capacity, increased mortality and migration. Increases the metabolism of marine animals.Low oxygen level kills coral reefs. Elevated nutrient levels and algal blooms can also cause problems in drinking water in communities nearby and upstream from dead zones. Harmful algal blooms release toxins that contaminate drinking water, causing illness in animals and humans. Threatened global food supply and fisheries. Economic Loss due to reduction in potential for commercial fishing.

Answer 84

Evaporation rate: Oceans between 20 to 30 degree North and south have high salinity because of (1) high temperature (2) low humidity . Temperate oceans have lower salinity due to lower temperature. Amount of Fresh water added in ocean: Equatorial waters have lower salinity due to heavy rainfall and high humidity. Oceans fed by large rivers like Amazon, Congo, Ganges, Mekong etc have lower salinity. Melting of icebergs and resultant fresh water intake into Baltic, Arctic and Antarctic ocean waters makes them less saline. Thus, global warming and greenhouse gas effect has indirectly affects the salinity levels of the oceans. Currents Mixing:In open oceans, currents mix and flow freely, hence salinity is average 35ppt or lower. Whereas in the Caspian sea, Mediterranean sea, Red sea and other wholly / partially enclosed seas – the fresh water doesn’t mix freely with ocean water hence salinity is higher. Salinity, temperature and density of water are interrelated. Hence, any change in the temperature or density influences the salinity of an area.

Answer 85

cold water at the poles sinks and slowly moves towards the equator and warm-water moves the cold water at the poles sinks and slowly moves towards the equator and warm-water moves from equator to poles to replace the sinking cold water. Thus salinity has a great role to play in the formation and circulation of oceanic currents via the thermohaline process. temperature and rainfall is affected by currents, the level of salinity has indirect role in Earth’s overall climate. without salt more of the oceans would freeze during winter- affecting the movements of both fish-schools and cargo ships. objects that might sink in freshwater are able to float in seawater. This has a big effect on life in the sea Despite having no fins, the plankton are kept perpetually afloat due to the density of seawater. Without plankton, entire marine ecosystem will collapse

Answer 86

1. Transports - Great lake waterways 2. Farms + industry 3. Storage 4. Hydro electric- hirakund lakes 5. Agriculture of dams on artificial lakes- Bhakra Nangal @ gobindsagar 6. Moderation of climate land and sea breeze 7. Minerals rock salts borax 8. Tourist attraction

Answer 87

1. Rain-bearing westerlies being at a minimum depth and speed. 2. At least 60% of the available 14 stations in Kerala and coastal Karnataka reporting rainfall of 2.5 mm or more for two consecutive days after May 10. 3. A certain degree of clouding, indicated by a parameter called ‘outgoing longwave radiation’ (OLR), being below 200 W/square metre.

Answer 88

The burst of the monsoon is known as the beginning of the onset of the monsoon and is a phenomenon that involves the sudden changes in the weather conditions and is a characterized by the dry an the wet.