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Geography 🌍 > Earth and physical > Flashcards

Earth and physical Flashcards

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1
Q

State the zones of the earth

A

Frigid -66.34Temperate 23.26 Torrid 0-23.26

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2
Q

How does time increase in direction of earth , why

A

W-e Earth - west to east

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3
Q

How much Does time increase by 1°

A

15 minutes

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4
Q

What is the international date line

A

Date changes exactly by one day

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5
Q

Why is the international date line bent , where

A

Because there a small islandsBent at Bering Strait, Fiji, tonga

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6
Q

What is daylight saving

A

1 hr time ahead

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7
Q

What is solstice, equinox , draw diagram

A

Solistice - summ = @ 21 June cancer ,
winter = 22 dec Capricorn
Equinox -spring @23 sept ,
autumn @ 23march - equator

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8
Q

Discuss the layers of the earth and how they were discovered

A 
Crust 1-100= sial, sima, lithosphere 
Aesthenosphere - brittle till 400km 
Mantle till 2900 km 
Outer core 2900-5100km
 Inner core = 5100-6578 km
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9
Q

What are the content of the crust

A

O>si>al>fe

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10
Q

What is the continental drift theory

A

Alfred Wegener
The earth was Pangea and Panthalassa 200m years ago
which was broken by the Tethys sea into Laurasia and Gondwana land

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11
Q

What is the evidence behind the continental drift theory

A
  1. S am + Africa - jigsaw
  2. Tillite deposits like Gondwana in south hemisphere
  3. Glossopterris veg @india, Australia, Antarctica
  4. Matching rocks 5. Gold sources
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12
Q

Why was the continental drift theory rejected

A

Could not explain why in Mesozoic era
Not consider oceans
Forces too weak

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13
Q

What is the convectional current theory, who coined it

A

Arthur Holmes 1930
Radioactive elements under the surface of the earth cause thermal differences and this heat wants to exit hence it moves upwards in conventional currents

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14
Q

What is palaeomagnetism

A

Due to convection currents and volcanic activity basaltic rocks are thrown to the seabed which have low silica but high iron

basalt is magnetic mineral which solidifies and forms rocks there a line in the direction of the magnetic field of earth at that time which is later reversed after a few years

This continued process causes stripes of alternate magnetic field rocks

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15
Q

What is seafloor spreading

A

Harry Hess
Conventional currents push the magma outside which pushes the place and hence creates a fault and spreads the ocean floor

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16
Q

What is evidence behind seafloor spreading theory

A

Paleomagnetism
Similar kind of rocks equidistant from the ridge
Deep-seated earthquakes at the Trench

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17
Q

Draw a diagram of the trench and the ridge

A

Trench where collide Ridge where separate

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18
Q

What is plate tectonics

A

The movement of plates due to the force of magma

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19
Q

Draw a diagram of platetectonics

A

Island arc @subduction plate enticing magma Ridge, trench , volcanic boundaries = mts

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20
Q

discuss the formation of the Himalayas

A

220 m yrs ago Pangea broke
india floated N - collided w asia,
submerged = Himalayas

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21
Q

what are the formations due to plate tectonics

A

island arc convergence
cordilleran
himalayan

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22
Q

discuss the phillipine island formation

A

arc = phillipine plate under sunda plate ,

ocean - ocean

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23
Q

Discuss the formation of Indonesian archipelago

A

Ocean ocean

Indo aus under sunda

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24
Q

Carribean island formation.

A

North America under Caribbean
Puerto Rico trench
Ocean ocean

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25
Q

Cordillerean=?

A

Continent- ocean

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26
Q

How is continental arc formed

A

Ocean subducts due to sediments

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27
Q

Discuss the formation of Andes + Rockie

A

Andes = continent- ocean
Nazea under S. America = Peru Chile trench

Rockies
Juan de fuca under N.Am

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28
Q

Discuss continent to continent convergence

A

Himalayan +Appalachian , Alps + Ural

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29
Q

What are geomorphic processes.

A

Relating to form of landscape.

30
Q

What are the causes of geomorphic processes

A

Radioactive material@ Interior
Moving plates
Rotation Climate
Isostacy =Uplift due to density change

31
Q

What is the main cause of endogenetic movements

A

Energy from the earth

32
Q

What are the two kinds of Endogenetic movements

A

– diastrophism and sudden movements

33
Q

What is the meaning of diastrophism

A

Slow bending or folding

34
Q

What are the kinds of diastrophic movement

A 
Orogenic =  mountain building 
Epiorogenic = continent building Plate tectonics
35
Q

What are the kinds of epiorogenic movements

A

Uplift = sea caves @kathiawar

Subsidence - part of rann of kachch submerged in 1819

36
Q

What are the causes of exogenetic movements

A

Surface - sheer stress … break

37
Q

Explain the types of weathering

A 
Chemical =
 solution - water , 
carbonation - co2 from atmosphere, 
hydration , 
oxidation , 
reduction

Biological = burrowing

 Physical = 
upload + expand , 
granular disintegration, 
block separation, 
shattering, freezing, 
thawing, 
salt@cracks expand,
 rolling down
38
Q

Are the causes of fluvial landforms

A 
Corrosion + abrasion 
Hydration
Attrition-particle against each other
Dam cutting
Horizontal erosion
39
Q

Draw a diagram of erosional fluvial landforms

A 
River vally- gorge - canyon
Meander
Oxbow lake
Potholes
Gullies
40
Q

Draw a diagram of depositional fluvial Landforms

A

Alluvial fans
Natural levees = embankment
Delta

41
Q

Discuss the types of delta

A

Arcurate =fan@ Krishna
Bird@missisipi
lobate@ Godavari

42
Q

Discuss Karst landforms

A 
Sinkhole,
Cavern- cave
Sinking creeks
Stalagmite + stalactite
Column
43
Q

What are marine erosional landforms

A 
Blowhole 
Cave
Arc
Sea cliffs
Stack
Stump
44
Q

What are depositional marine landforms

A 
Spit 
Bay
Barrier
 island
Lagoon
Beach 
tomball
Island
45
Q

What are erosional glacial landforms

A 
Tarn
Horn
Cirque
Arête = tip
Glacial-trough
Hanging Valley
46
Q

What are depositions glacial landforms

A

Drumlin
Moraine
Out-wash plain
Karnes=hump

47
Q

What are arid erosional landforms - water

A 
Hill-cracks @ soil
Gully= small road @mts  
Ravine = stream cutting
Canyon
Gorge
Pediments- erosional delta
Bajada -moderatesloping plain
48
Q

What are erosional arid landforms air

A 
Aeolian landforms 
Deflated basin
Mushroom rock= pedestal 
Inselberg 
Demo selles = pillars with flat top 
Wind bridges
49
Q

What are the depositional arid landforms

A 
Ripple marks 
Sand dunes - longitudinal ,
 traverse , 
barchans  , 
star Loess =  particles blanket land
50
Q

What is the Ridge

A

Local folding edge

51
Q

What is the range

A

Series of ridges

52
Q

What is a system

A

Mountain ranges of same period

53
Q

What is the chain

A

Mountain system of different sizes and different period

54
Q

What is a cordillera

A

Many systems together

55
Q

What is the significance of fold mountains

A

Tectonic

Rich in minerals

56
Q

Discuss the formation of a Rift Valley

A

Divergens of plates and faulting due to the divergens

57
Q

How are the valleys of Narmada and Tapi river is formed

A

Due to bending of the Indian plate due to formation of the Himalayas

58
Q

How is a narrow sea formed and how does it turn into an ocean

A

Narrow sea is formed by the rift Valley becoming a large
and the ridges forming around it therefore it spreads
continental plate is replaced by the oceanic plate and hence a narrow sea like the red sea forms

59
Q

Why are mountains concentrated at the equator

A

At cold places erosion takes place at lower altitudesSlow line is low
Mountains rise 1500 m above the snow line and
at equator the snow line is at 5500 m and hence the erosion is low

60
Q

State the economic significance of the plateaus

A

Deccan and Katanga Plateau are famous for copper
Kimberly Plateau diamond
East Africa gold and diamond Iron and coal mining
and Chota Nagpur Plateau
Lava soils hence agriculture is great
Water falls hence hydroelectric power

61
Q

Discuss the types of rocks and their subtypes

A

IGNEOUS-
1. extrusive = rapid cooling on the surface hence no crystals fine grained dense and dark in colour
2. Intrusive / plutonic = slow cooling at interior hence crystals large grains less dense and light colour
3. Basic = Poor in silica slow cooling and form Plateau heavy in minerals hence dark colour. Not hard hence not weather easily
4. Acidic = excess silicon hence cool fast form mountains not heavy hence light colour hard therefore less weathering
SEDIMENTARY
1. Mechanically formed = arenaceous - large sand particles, agricellarous - small clay particles, by ocean currents and winds
2. Chemical= stalagmites and stalactites
3. Organic= Calcerous -more calcium, carbonaceous = more carbon
METAMORPHIC
1. Orogenic = holding
2. Geodynamic = thermal , pressure

62
Q

What is the significance igneous metamorphic sedimentary rocks

A

Igneous … Metal ores
Amy dales = air bubbles in basalt - filled with minerals
Granite - beautiful shades
Sedimentary … Building stones
Decay of mineral animals … petroleum Bauxite and manganese derived

63
Q

What is Polar motion

A

The movement of poles when the axis of the earth moves is known as Polar motion

64
Q

what are the effects of the shift in earth axis due to climate change

A

change the length of the day by a few milliseconds.

65
Q

how does the axis of the earth shift

A

The location of the poles is not fixed, however, as the axis moves due to changes in how the Earth’s mass is distributed around the planet. Thus, the poles move when the axis moves, and the movement is called “polar motion”.
● According to NASA, data from the 20th century shows that the spin axis drifted about 10 centimetres per year. Meaning over a century, polar motion exceeds 10 metres.
● Generally, polar motion is caused by changes in the hydrosphere, atmosphere, oceans, or solid Earth.

66
Q

discuss the timeline of the shift of earth axis

A

Since the 1990s, climate change has caused billions of tonnes of glacial ice to melt into oceans. This has caused the Earth’s poles to move in new directions.
● As per the study, the north pole has shifted in a new eastward direction since the 1990s, because of changes in the hydrosphere (meaning the way in which water is stored on Earth).
● From 1995 to 2020, the average speed of drift was 17 times faster than from 1981 to 1995. Also, in the last four decades, the poles moved by about 4 metres in distance.

The faster ice melting, change in non‐glacial regions due to climate change and unsustainable consumption of groundwater for irrigation and other anthropogenic activities.
● As millions of tonnes of water from below the land is pumped out every year for drinking, industries or agriculture, most of it eventually joins the sea, thus redistributing the planet’s mass.

67
Q

What is the super moon

A

occurs when the Moon’s orbit is closest to the Earth at the same time that the Moon is full. In a typical year, there may be two to four full supermoons and two to four new supermoons in a row.

68
Q

Why does the super moon appear to be red

A

Because of the total lunar eclipse, the moon will also appear to be red. This is because the Earth will block some of the light from the Sun from reaching the moon and as the Earth’s atmosphere filters the light, it will soften “the edge of our planet’s shadow” “giving the Moon a deep, rosy glow.”

69
Q

What are the implications of this summer solstice

A
  1. All locations north of the equator have days longer than 12 hours at the June solstice. Meanwhile, all
    locations south of the equator have days shorter than 12 hours.
  2. This day is characterised by a greater amount of energy received from the sun. According to NASA, the
    amount of incoming energy the Earth received from the sun on this day is 30 per cent higher at the North Pole than at the Equator.
70
Q

What are the implications of the winter solistice

A

21st December or the Winter Solstice marks the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.
● It is the shortest day and longest night of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and is also known as the ‘first day of winter’ in the Northern Hemisphere as well as ‘Hiemal solstice or Hibernal solstice’.
● During this, countries in the Northern Hemisphere are farthest from the Sun and the Sun shines overhead on the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° south).

Geography 🌍 (6 decks)

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