Resources And Development Flashcards
What are the factors affecting the formation of soil
Relief parent rock or bedrock vegetation and climate temperature, actions of running water, glacier and action of decomposers contribute to the formation of soil.
True or false- Soil is made up of only organic material.
False; soil consist of organic and organic materials
State few ways to solve the problems of land degradation
Aforestation and management of grazing
plantation of shelter belts of plants
control on overgrazing
stabilising of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes
proper management of waste lands
control of mining activities
proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and waste
True or false- Forest soil is the most widespread soil
False ; alluvial soil ….
Write a short note on alluvial soil.
- They are the most widespread and fertile type of soil covering the entire northern plains.
- Mostly the soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops
- They have been deposited by three important himalayan river systems Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra.
- This soil are common in plains such as Duars , Terai, chos. They extend in Rajasthan Gujarat through narrow corridor. This soil also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers reach the river valley that is the place of break of slope.
- According to the age of soil become classified into old alluvial- Bhangar and new alluvial- Khadar.
- they are highly cultivated and populated.
Differentiate between Bangar and Khadar
Bangar- old alluvial
Khadar - new alluvial
Bangar- found away from the rivers.
Khadar- close to the river
Bangar- rich in concentration of calcareous kankar nodules
Khadar- finer particles
Bangar- less fertile
Khadar- more fertile
Bangar - not renewed every year
Khadar- renewed every year
Write a short note on regur soils.
Regur soil / black soil are black in colour and ideal for growing cotton.
It is believed that climatic conditions along the parent rock or important factors for the formation of black soil.
it is found in the Deccan trap region spread over the north-west, covering plateaus of Maharashtra Malwa Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and extend in the south east direction along the Godavari and Krishna Valley.
• They are made up of extremely fine I.e clayey material. It is made up of Lava flows . They are known for holding moisture and are rich in Soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate magnesium, potash and lime. They are generally poor in phosphoric content
• Cracked in the hot weather which helps them in proper aeration of soil and sticky when wet and difficult to work until time immediately after first shower
True or false - Alluvial soil is poor in phosphoric content
False; Black soil/ regur soil lacks phosphorus content
Write a short note on red and yellow soils
- red soil develops on the crystalline igneous rocks in the areas of low rainfall in eastern and southern parts of Deccan Plateau
- yellow and red soils are also found in parts of Odisha Chhattisgarh and southern parts of middle Ganga plane and piedmont zone of western ghats
• These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
it looks yellow when it is hydrated form
Write a short note on laterite soil.
Laterite soil develops under the tropical and sub tropical climate with alternate wet and dry season it is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rainfall
they are mostly deep to very deep acidic with pH< six and are generally deficient in plant nutrients – however in some regions where they support deciduous and evergreen forest this soil is humus rich, humus deficient in regions of sparse vegetation
They are found in southern states, western Ghats region of Maharashtra , Odisha some parts of West Bengal and north-east regions. they are prone to erosion and the degradation due to the position or landscape
After adopting appropriate soil conservation technique particularly in hilly areas of Karnataka Kerala and Tamil Nadu this soil is now used for growing tea and coffee and growing cashew nut in Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh and Kerala in red laterite soil.
Write a short note on a Arid soils
Range from red to brown in colour and are generally Sandy in texture and Saline in nature. in some places salt content is very high and common salt is ever obtained by evaporating the water
due to high-temperature, dry climate, evaporation is faster and soil lacks humus and moisture. the lower horizons of the soil occupied by kankar because of increasing calcium content downwards. Formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water
What are Forest soils
The soil found in the hilly and mountainous Areas that are sufficient sufficient rain forests are available.
The soil texture depends according to the mountain environment where they are formed. They are loamy and slitty in valley sides and coarse grain in upper slopes.
In the snow-covered years of Himalayas the soil experienced generation I am not acidic with low humus content
This soil is particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans for fertile
What is Soil erosion?
Denudation of soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion
What are the causes of factors leading to Soil erosion
It is caused due to human activity is the deforestation in mining overgrazing construction and natural forces like wind , action of running water, glacier
Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming. Ploughing in a wrong way that is up and down down the slope form the channels for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion.
What are the different types of erosion
The running water cuts through the clayey soil a making a deep channels called gullies and thus the land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. in the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines.
Sometimes water flows as sheet over large areas down a slope. This is the topsoil is washed away this is known as sheet erosion.
Wind blows loose soil off Flat or sloping land known as wind erosion
what are some ways to control soil erosion
Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes and this method is contour ploughing
Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation Restricts erosion
Large fields can be divided into strips and strips of grass be left to grow between the crops so as to break the force of wind. This method is known as strip cropping.
Planting lines of trees to create shelter to break the force of wind rows of such trees are called shelterbelts the shelterbelts have contributed contributed significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes and stabilising the desert in western India
Define tree cover
Tree cover is defined as a tree patches outside recorded forest areas exclusive of forest cover and less than minimum mappable area of one Hectare.
How have technical and economic development lead to more consumption of resources
Technical and economic development Involves more utilisation and exploitation of resources for the purpose of present development as a history of a colony station shows us that it was mainly one of the higher levels of technological development that enable the colonising countries to exploit the resources of regions establish power and control over the colonies
1) Technological development has led to more industries and therefore use of natural resources has increased
2) As a means of transportation and communication are developing fast we have the mobility of resources
3) Due to technological advancement new techniques of extracting resources and skill of discovering more and more resources has been developed
4) Green revolution led to the introduction of latest mechanical devices fertilisers HYV seeds et cetera leading to more and more production and consumption of resources
Define the term resource
Everything Available in the environment which can be used to satisfy your need provided that it is technologically accessible economically feasible and culturally acceptable
What are renewable resources and nonrenewable resources
Resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical chemical or mechanical processes for example water, forest, wildlife
Resources which cannot be renewed and one balance of Jio logical years in the formation. For example coal petrol oil bauxite
Define Individual resources community own resources and national resources
Resources which are owned privately by an individual individual resources. For example plantation pasture lands.
Resources which are accessible to all members of the community example public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds Called community owned resources
Technically all the resources available in the nation Categorised as national resources. All the water resources, Forest, wildlife land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles from the coast are termed as territorial water and resources there in belongs to the nation.
Which resources are termed as international resources
Resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the exclusive economic zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise resources from here without the unanimity of the international institutions these resources are called international resources
What are potential resources
Resources found in the region but have not been utilised. For example world wind and solar energy can be generated and parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan
Define Developed resources
Resources which Surveyed and their quality and quantity is deter mind and their developed to use. For example coal, minerals oil
You understand by the term stock
Stock is the material in the environment which has the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings beings do not have appropriate technology to access them. For example water Is made up of two gases hydrogen oxygen both of which can be used as a great source of energy but we do not have required technology to use it
What are reserves reserves
Results have a subset of stock which can be put into use with the help of existing technical know-how but their use has not been started .
Can be used to meet the future requirements. For example water in dams
What do you mean by sustainable development
Block meant means the development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generation
When and where was the first international Earth Summit held
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992
Why is there a need of planning resources in India
We need to have resources planning in India since India has an enormous diversity in the availability of resources. There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some other resources. This calls for the balance resource planning at national state and regional level
Why is resource conservation important
Resources are development for any developmental activity
Irrational consumption or over utilisation of the resources may lead to social economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems resource conservation at various levels is important
If the present. Trend of resource depletion my friend we should and countries continue future of the planet is in danger
What are the main relief features of India
Plains cover 43% of the land area. Mountains account 30% of the total geographical area. Plateau covers the 27% of the total geographical area
Explain the land use pattern in India
But 45% of the land is used as net sown areas. If the current fallow lands are also included in this the total net sown area becomes 54%.
permanent pastures have decreased.
About 23% of the land is under forest far lower than the deisred 33% as outlined by national forest policy ,1952.
And the rest of the land is used for various purposes such as housing recreation and industrial activities.
a part of land is termed wasteland which includes arid region, rocky terrains and deserts.
the net sown area varies greatly too much betwen states- 80% in punjab and less than 10% in arunachal pradesh, mizoram, manipur.
barren and wasteland- 6.29%
permanent pastures and grazing land-b3.45%
currrent fllow-7.03%
Which factors that determine use of land
Physical factors— Topography, climate, soil type
Human factor- Population density, technological capacity culture and tradition
What is net sown area
Net soon area is it total area sown in one year with crops. In this case, an area sown more than once in a year is counted only once
What is gross cropped area
Areas sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area
What is wasteland
Wasteland includes rocky, arid and desert areas and land put to other non-anticultural uses including settlements, roads, railways
What is the percentage of land degradation in India
In India, 28% of the forest belongs to degraded area, 56% is water eroded area, 10% is wind eroded area and the rest is affected by Saline and alkaline deposit
The states with the land due to mining, over irrigation, overgrazing
Mining- Chhattisgarh Madhya Pradesh and Orissa
Overgrazing- Gujarat Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
Over irrigation- Punjab Haryana and western with the Pradesh
How is mineral processing responsible for land degration
The mineral processing Like the grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapston industry generateA huge amount of dust in the atmosphere which retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down
Which ones are formed at the foothills
Forest soil
What are the chief characteristic features of Blacksoil
The extremely fine and are known For the capacity to hold moisture. They are made up of lava flows
How isRed soil formed. How do these look red or yellow in colour
Develops on crystalline igneous rocks in the areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of Deccan Plateau
These cells develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in hydrated form
What is the main drawback of Blacksoil
This soil is sticky when wet and cracked when hot there difficult to work on unless tired immediately after the first shower. This soil also lacks phosphoric content
Why is humus content in laterite soil low
content of soil is low because most of the microorganisms, particularly decomposers like bacteria get destroyed due to high temperatures
What are you drawbacks of arid soils
Due to dry climate, high-temperature, moisture and lacks humus and moisture
Formation of kankar formation in the bottom restricts the infiltration of water
Why are shelterbelts grown
Shelterbelts have contributed significantly to stabilisation of sand dunes and in stabilising the desert in western India
Describe the process of resource planning in India
Identification and inventory of the resources across the regions of the country it involves the surveying mapping, quality and quantity to estimation and measurement of the resources
Evolving a planning structure appropriate technology skill and institutional set up for the implementation of resource development plans
Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans
Explain the interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions
Human beings interact with nature. use technology to transform material available in the environment into resources. They create institutions to accelerate the resource development
Explain why arid soils are found to be non-productive
1) Sandy in texture and Saline in nature
2) In some areas the salt content is high and a common sight can be octane by this evaporating the water
3) Due to dry climate, high-temperature, evaporation is faster and soil lacks humus and moisture
4) Kanakar in lower horizons which restricts infiltration
True or false- Soil is a dead system.
False Soil is a living system, it takes millions of years to form soil to few centimetres in depth
