Nationalism In India

Question 1

wht is nationalism

Answer 1

Nationalism is an ideology and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation’s sovereignty over its homeland

Question 2

how did WW1 develop new

modes of struggle

Answer 2

, the war created a new economic and political situation
It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and
income tax introduced.
Through the war years prices increased –doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardship
for the common people.
Villages were called upon to supply soldiers,and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India,resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic.
According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million
people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.

Question 3

defien forced recruitment

Answer 3

– A process by which the

colonial state forced people to join the army

Question 4

what do you mean by satyagrah? “Gandhiji’s idea of Satyagraha emphasized the Power of truth and the need to search for truth.” In the light of this statement assess the contribution of Gandhiji towards
Satyagraha.

Answer 4

satyagrah is a pure soul dforce and a novel method of mass agitation that highlights the
powers of truth, and the need to search for truth and whose truth is the very substance of soul and non violence is its supreme dharma.
The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of
truth and the need to search for truth.
It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the
use of violence.
By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

Question 5

Explain the early three satyagrahi

Answer 5

1917- Champaran Movement, in Bihar: To inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.

(ii) 1917 Kheda Movement: To support the peasants of Kheda district of Gujarat, who could not pay the revenue due to crop failure and plague epidemic.
(iii) 1918 Movement in Ahmedabad: To organise a Satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers against British atrocities.

Question 6

What was rewlott act and how it it affect the national movement

Answer 6

rowlatt act was a act that was passed hurriedly by the imperial legislative council , it gave the britishers enormous power to repress the political activities and the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. This had enabled the Government to suspend the right to ‘Habeas Corpus’ (a right requiring a
person to be brought before a judge or court), which had been the foundation of civil liberties
in Britain.

The impact of Rowlatt Satyagrah on political situation in India was immense. Gandhi organised a hartal on 6April and Rowlatt Satyagrah against the Rowlatt Act.
_In opposition of the Act, protests and rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strikes in railway workshops, and shops closed down.
_The British government tried to suppress the nationalist activity brutally.
_Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
_After attacks on post offices and railways, martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command. _Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on April 13, 1919. This incident shocked the entire nation.
_As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
Thus, we can say that the Rowlatt Satyagrah led to an increase in nationalist activities of people in the country

Question 7

Write a short note on Jallianwala wala bagh massacre

Answer 7

On 10th April 1919, two nationalist leaders- Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satya Pal were arrested in Punjab under the infamous Rowlatt Act.
On 13th April 1919, people gathered in a small park in the outskirts Amritsar called the Jalllianwala Bagh, to attend the Annual Baisakhi festival and some had gathered protest against these arrests.
The peaceful gathering was attended by men, women and children.
Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd. The firing lasted for ten minutes, till all the ammunition was exhausted.
More than a thousand people were killed and over twice that number wounded.
General Dyer later in Hunter commission told that his objective was to produce moral effect and a sense of terror and awe in the minds of satyagrahis.

Question 8

What were the after math of Jallianwala wala bagh

Answer 8

As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns.
On 30th May 1919, Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood.
Gandhi returned the Kaiser-i-Hind Gold medal given to him for his work during Boer War.
There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise people: satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs; people were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab, now in Pakistan) were bombed.
Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.

Question 9

Explain the meaning of the ‘Khilafat movement’. Examine the role of Gandhiji in it and when was it adopted ?

Answer 9

The Ottoman Turkey was badly defeated in the First World War.
There were rumours about a harsh peace treating likely to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor; who was the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa).
A Khilafat committed was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa. This committee had leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
_They also wanted Mahatma Gandhi to take up the cause to build a united mass action.
_The Khilafat issue gave Gandhiji the opportunity to bring the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform.
_At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, the resolution was passed to launch a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and also for swaraj.
_December,1920- Nagpur - it was adopted by congress

Question 10

Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Answer 10

Ans. (i) In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
He felt the movement was turning violent at many places and satyagrahis needed to be
properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.
(ii) Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to
participate in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of
India Act of 1919. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils,
argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were not truly democratic.

Question 11

Discuss the salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against
colonialism.

Answer 11

Ans. Gandhi on January 31, 1930 sent a letter to the Viceroy Irwin, consisting 11 most essential
demands. Some of these were of general interest while others were specic demands of different
classes, from industrialists to peasants. But the most unusual of the demand was the abolishment of salt
tax.
The Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism. The tax on salt,
and the government monopoly over its production was a severely oppressive administrative
move.
According to which if the demands were not fulfiled
by 11th March, the congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign. Irwin was unwilling to
negotiate.
So, Gandhi stated his famous salt march accompanied by 79 of his trusted volunteers.
The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhi’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town
Dandi and ceremonially violated the law, manufactured salt by boiling sea water. This marked the
beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question 12

Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?

Answer 12

Ans. The political leaders represented the different classes and communities of the Indian society. The
question they mainly differed on was of separate electorate because of the difference in opinions.
The main purpose to secure separate electorates for them was for by showing favours to their
followers by reserving separate electoral seats for them. But Congress Party, especially Gandhi
had an opinion that having a separate electoral would slow down the freedom movement and also
adversely affect the unity of the country. His main fear was that the system of separate electorates
would give a push to communalism and divide the country into pieces.

Question 13

Name the writer of the novel ‘Anandamath

Answer 13

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Question 14

Name the famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi.

Answer 14

Hind Swaraj (1909

Question 15

What resolution was passed at Calcutta session of Congress in September 1920?

Answer 15

Ans. At the Calcutta session of the congress in September 1920, Gandhiji convinced other leaders of
the need to start a Non-cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj

Question 16

What decision was made in Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920?

Answer 16

At the congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non cooperation Movement was adopted.

Question 17

Why were Council elections not boycotted in Madras?

Answer 17

The Council Elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the justice party,
the party of non-Brahmans felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power —
something that usually only Brahmans had access to

Question 18

Why did Awadh Movement of Peasants begin?

Answer 18

The movement was against talukdars and landlords, who demanded from peasants exorbitant
rents and a variety of other taxes. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords farms without
any payment.

Question 19

what was the chauri chaura event

Answer 19

it took place in Gorakhpur, Chauri Chaura, when a peaceful demonstrations in a bazaar turned
into a violent clash with the police. Then those demonstrators went to the police station, locked
the policemen inside and put the police station on re, burning about 11 policemen alive. Hearing
of the incidence, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation Movement.

Question 20

. Who formed Swaraj Party?

Answer 20

C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to
council politics.

Question 21

Q. 44. Which two factors shaped Indian Politics towards the late 1920s?

Answer 21

(i) The effects of worldwide economic depression.
(ii) Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930
iii) simojn commssion

Question 22

Why did rich peasant communities join CDM?

Answer 22

They were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As their cash income disappeared,
they found it impossible to pay the government revenue demand. And the refusal of the
government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment.

Question 23

How did poor peasants join CDM

Answer 23

As the depression
continued and cash income dwindled, the small tenants found it difcult to pay their rent. They
wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.

Question 24

How did Business classes relate to the CDM?Which organisations did business classes form?

Answer 24

They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange
ratio that would discourage imports. They now reacted against colonial policies that restricted
business activities.
To organise business interests, Indian merchants and industrialists formed the Indian Industrial
and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and
Industries (FICCI).

Question 25

What was ‘Poona Pact’?

Answer 25

Poona Pact gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils
but they were to be voted in by the general elections

Question 26

How was Bharat Mata depicted in the painting of Abanindranath Tagore?

Answer 26

In his painting, Bharat Mata was portrayed as an ascetic gure; she is calm, composed, divine and
spiritual.

Question 27

What kind of Indian ag was introduced during Swadeshi Movement?

Answer 27

A tricolour fag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses, representing eight
provinces of British India and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslim

Question 28

How was reinterpretation of Indian History used as a symbol of Nationalism?

Answer 28

. The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response,
Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievement. The Nationalist
histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to
change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

Question 29

Why was Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhiji ? Explain any three reasons.

Answer 29

easons for the launching of Non Cooperation Movement :

(i) To support khilafat agitation .
(ii) To protest against Rowlatt Act .
(iii) To redress the wrong done in Punjab .
(iv) The dissatisfaction from the government of India act of 1919.
(v) Demand for swara

Question 30

How was the sense of collective belonging developed during the freedom movement?
Explai

Answer 30

sense of collective belonging was developed during the freedom movement:
(i) It came partly through the experience of united struggles.
(ii) Variety of cultural process through which nationalism captured people’s imagination.
(iii) History and fiction, folk lore and songs, popular prints and symbols all played a part in the
making of nationalism.
(iv) The identity of the nation was symbolized in a gure image ‘Bharat Mata’.
(v) Vande Matram was widely sung during the Swadesh movement in Bengal.
(vi) Icons and symbols helped in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.
(vii) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folk lore.
(viii) Folk tales were sung by bards in the villages to give a true picture of traditional culture.
ix) Re interpretation of history created a feeling of nationalism.
(x) The nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in Indian great achievement in the
past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

Question 31

What were the conditions of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?

Answer 31

(i) Mahatma Gandhi signed the pact with Lord Irwin on 5th March, 1931.
(ii) Gandhiji agreed to participate in a Round Table Conference in England.
(iii) Government agreed to release all the political prisoners

Question 32

How did B.R. Ambedkar lift the Dalits and take their cause to the British parliament?

Answer 32

(i) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organised Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930.
(ii) He clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding
separate electorates for the dalits.
(iii) Dalits began organising themselves, demanded reserved seats in educational institutions
and a separate electorate which they could get only when they were politically empowered
and for that Dr. Ambedkar fully supported them

Question 33

Which ideas of the Gandhian Programme were adopted by the industrial working class?

Answer 33

(i) Boycott of foreign goods
(ii) Movement against low wages
(iii) Movement against poor working conditions of the workers

Question 34

“The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme
of struggle.” Analyse the reasons.

Answer 34

. (i) The industrial working class did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large
numbers, except in the Nagpur region.
(ii) As the industrialists came closer to the congress, workers stayed aloof.
(iii) But inspite of that, some workers did participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement,
selectively adopting some ideas of the Gandhian programme. But the congress was reluctant
to include workers’ demand as part of its programme of struggle.
(iv) It felt that this would alleviate industrialists and divide the anti-imperial force

Question 35

Why did Gandhiji relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement after the Second Round
Table Conference ? Explain any three reasons.

Answer 35

easons for Gandhiji relaunching of Civil Disobedience Movement
(i) The negotiations with regard to India’s freedom broke down in the Second Round Table
Conference held at London.
(ii) Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression.
(iii) Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were put to jail.
(iv) The Congress had been declared illegal.
(v) A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.
In such a situation he decided to relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question 36

. Why was the offer of dominion status by Lord Irwin rejected by Indian National Congress

Answer 36

The radicals within the Congress, led by
Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, became more assertive. The liberals and moderates,
who were proposing a constitutional system within the framework of British dominion, gradually
lost their inuenc

Question 37

. What were Mahatma Gandhi’s views on women’s participation in the national movements?

Answer 37

. During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him. They
participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
Many went to jail. But Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home
and health, be good mothers and good wives.
For a long time, the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority
within the organization

Question 38

Why was Poona Pact signed

Answer 38

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was demanding separate electorates for dalits. Mahatma Gandhi believed
that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.
Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was Poona Pact of September
1932. It gave the depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils,
but they were to be voted in by general electorate.

Question 39

What do you know about Natesa Sastri

Answer 39

in Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore
of Southern India. He believed that folklore was national literature; it was ‘the most trustworthy
manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics’.

Question 40

How did Mahatma Gandhi uplift untouchables?

Answer 40

. Mahatma Gandhi called the untouchables, ‘Harijans’ or the children of God, organised satyagraha
to secure their entry into temples and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. He himself
cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the sweepers (bhangi) and persuaded upper castes to change
their heart and give up the sin of ‘untouchability’.

Question 41

Who had designed the ‘swaraj ag’ by 1921? Explain the main features of this ‘swaraj fag

Answer 41

ahatma Gandhiji designed the “Swaraj Flag” by 1921.
Features:
(i) It had tricolour-Red, Green and White
(ii) It had a spinning wheel in the center.
(iii) It represents the Gandhian idea of self-help.
(iv ) It had become a symbol of deance

Question 42

Why did the different social groups join the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.

Answer 42

(i) Rich Peasantry Group—The patidar and jats demanded reduction in revenue and
participated in the boycott program.
(ii) Poor Peasantry Group—They wanted unpaid rent to be remitted , joined radical movement
led by the socialist and communist.
(iii) Business Class Group—Prominent industrialist like Purushottam Das, G.D. Birla formed
FICCI. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and rupee sterling exchange
ratio and refused to sell imported goods.
(iv ) Working Class Group—Nagpur Workers adopted boycott of foreign goods, against low
wages and poor working conditions.
(v ) Women—participated in the protest marches, manufacturing of salt and boycotted foreign
goods

Question 43

Evaluate the role of business classes in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’

Answer 43

he business classes reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.
(ii) They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupeesterling foreign
exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
(iii) In order to organise business interest, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial
Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries
(FICCI) in 1927.
(iv) They gave financial assistance for the movement.
(v) They refused to buy and sell imported goods.

Question 44

“British rule in India would have been collapsed if Indians had not cooperated.” How did
this statement help in starting a mass movement in India against the British rule?

Answer 44

(i) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of
Indians and if they had refused to cooperate, British rule in India would have been collapsed
within a year.
(ii) He proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.
(iii) It should begin with the surrendering of titles that the government had awarded to the
Indians.
(iv) A boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative assemblies, schools and foreign
goods would show their non-cooperation to the British Empire.
Mahatma Gandhi felt that in case the government used suppression, a full civil disobedience
campaign would be launched

Question 45

What action did the British government take after the famous Dandi March?

Answer 45

Worried by the developments, the colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders
one by one.
(ii) This led to violent clashes in many places.
A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal suppression.
_Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested (April 1930).
_ Angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar facing armored cars and police firing,
many were killed
_A month later when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur
attacked police posts, municipal buildings, law courts and railway stations—all structures
that symbolised British rule
Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 1,00,000. people were arrested

Question 46

Differentiate between the reasons for the participation of the rich peasants and the poor peasants in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Answer 46

(i) Rich peasants were hit hard by the trade depression and falling prices and thsu found t difficult to pay the revenues., whereas the poor
peasants’ cash income dwindled and they could not pay their rents.
(ii) Refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment
among the rich peasants, whereas the poor peasants wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords
to be remitted.
(iii) For the rich peasants, fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues and for the poor
peasants, their ‘no rent’ campaign.
(iv) Rich peasants were disappointed since revenue was not reduced and the poor peasants were
disappointed with the Congress as it was unwilling to support them

Question 47

examine the background of the Poona Pact of 1932 in the light of differences between
Gandhiji and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Answer 47

initially the congress has ignored the dalits with the fear of offending sanatanis, the conservative high caste hindu
ii)But Mahatma Gandhi believed that swaraj would not come even after a hundred years if
untouchability was not eliminated.
(iii) He called them ‘ Harijans’ and he himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of sweepers.
iv) Many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problem of their community. They believed political empowerment would resolve the problem of their social disability.
v) dalit leaders demanded reserved seats in educational institutions and a separate
electorate.
vi)Ambedkar organised the Dalits into the ‘Depressed Class Association’ in 1930 and demanded separate electorate at the Second Round Table Conference.
vii)The issue between Gandhiji and Ambedkar over the separate electorate for Dalits was resolved under the Poona Pact in Sep. 1932

Question 48

2. What were the effects of Non-cooperation Movement on the economic front?

Answer 48

Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonre.
(ii) The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from ` 102
crore to ` 57 crore.
(iii) In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade.
(iv) As the boycott movement spread and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing
only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

Question 49

Why did the Muslims feel alienated from Congress during the Civil Disobedience Movement?

Answer 49

. (i) Some of the Muslim political organisations in India were also lukewarm in their response to
the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) After the decline of the Non-cooperation and Khilafat Movements, a large section of Muslims
felt alienated from the Congress.
(iii) The important differences were over the question of representation in the future assemblies
that were to be elected.
(iv) Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League, was willing to give up
the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central
Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces.
(v) Negotiations over the questions of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in
1928 disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts for
compromise.
(vi) Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status of Muslims
as a minority within India. They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be
submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority.

Question 50

4. Mention any three main proposals with reference to Non cooperation movement as
   suggested by Mahatma Gandhi

Answer 50

ee main proposals with reference to NCM as suggested by Mahatma Gandhi were following:
(i) It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded.
(ii) He also proposed boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, legislative councils, schools
and foreign goods.
(iii) Then in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be
launched.
Finally at the congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, the Non cooperation programme was
adopte

Question 51

. Why did the initial enthusiasm of the merchants and industrialists fade away during the
later stage of Civil disobedience movement?

Answer 51

. Enthusiasm of the merchants and Industrialists faded away during the later stage of CDM due to
following reasons:
(i) The industrialists attacked the colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the
Civil Disobedience Movement when it was rst launched.
(ii) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
(iii) Most businessmen came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would
no longer exist and trade and industry would ourish without constraints.
(iv) But after the failure of Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly
enthusiastic.
(v) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged
disruption of business, as well as of the growing inuence of socialism amongst the younger
members of the congress.

Question 52

. “Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of ‘Swaraj’.” Support the
statement in the light of Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930s.

Answer 52

Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of swaraj.
Untouchables, who from around the 1930s had begun to call themselves dalit or oppressed. began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational
institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.
Dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was therefore limited, particularly in the
Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organisation was quite strong. The dalit movement continued to be apprehensive of the Congress led national
movement.
Some of the Muslim political organisations in India were also lukewarm in their
response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After the decline of the Non-CooperationKhilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. When the Civil
Disobedience Movement started large sections of Muslims could not respond to the call for a
united struggle.Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern about the status
of Muslims as a minority within India. They feared that the culture and identity of minorities
would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority.