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Geography test > Resource security > Flashcards

Resource security Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the EIA do?

A

Process of evaluating the environmental and human consequences of a project and modifying the project to reduce impacts

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2
Q

Why do places use the EIA?

A
  • Legal requirement (EU directive)

- TNCs, better reputation

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3
Q

What are 6 stages of EIA?

A

1) Outline development
2) Describe environment
3) Assess impacts (Leopold Matrix)
4) Consider modifications
5) Publish environmental statement
6) Decision made and monitored

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4
Q

Give an example of where EIA was used

A

Grasberg mine:

  • check air/noise pollution
  • dereliction
  • aesthetic problems
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5
Q

What 3 physical factors affect water supply?

A
  • Climate
  • Geology
  • Drainage basin
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6
Q

How does geology affect water supply?

A

Impermeable rock - higher quantity, worse quality

Permeable rock - lower quantity, better quality as filtered through percolation (aquifers)

Some rock type contain salt and minerals making not potable

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7
Q

How does climate affect water supply?

A

Precipitation - can be unpredictable (Monsoon)

Evaporation- loss of water

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8
Q

How does drainage basin affect water supply?

A

Larger drainage basin > collect more water

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9
Q

What human factors affect water supply?

A
  • Urbanisation
  • Agriculture
  • Population growth
  • Climate change
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10
Q

How does urbanisation affect water supply?

A

Impermeable surface - aquifers won’t recharge and sewer overflow

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11
Q

How does agriculture affect water supply?

A

Eutrophication - leeching form excess minerals

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12
Q

How does population growth affect water supply?

A

Increase demand :

  • Mexico 73% of water from groundwater so are reliant
  • Overabstartion means being depleted faster than recharge
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13
Q

How does climate change affect water supply?

A

Areas reliant on snowmelt will not receive enough due to lack of snow build up

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14
Q

What is OPEC?

A

13 member countries which produce 40% of the world’s crude oil but control 72% of its reserves.

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15
Q

How has OPEC impacted on global energy supply?

A
  • 1973 oil shock - in response to US support for Israel during the Yom Kippur war OPEC stopped oil supply to countries supporting Israel
  • Oil prices rose from $25.97 (1973) > $46.65 (1974) > $70.62 (2018)
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16
Q

Give two reasons why the effectiveness of OPEC is limited?

A
  • Member aren’t always united (Saudi Arabia and Kuwait)
  • Non OPEC countries (Russia) have a strong impact on the market
  • Growing development of resources outside of OPEC (US) > reduces OPEC control
  • Prices fell due to new production (fracking) > OPEC attempted to undercut US oil ment was more costly to produce
17
Q

How has the pipeline between Russia and Ukraine affected the politics of the EU?

A
  • Reliance on Russian gas (Gazprom halting supplies to Ukraine and Europe for political changes)
  • Ukraine controls amount of gas that reaches the rest of Europe
  • Increasing dependence on renewables may reduce dependence on Russian gas
18
Q

What are the 2 case studies for ore extraction and water transfer?

A
  • Grasberg mine (Indonesia)

- South to North water transfer (China)

19
Q

What are the negative impacts of Grasberg extraction?

A
  • Deforestation, for land use (1 mile of forest left)
  • Acid rock drainage, leaching kills vegetation and gets in ground water supplies
  • Tailorings dumped into Ajkwa river > acidification (not stable habitat)
  • Bioaccumulation, plants take up copper which affects food chain
  • Road construction for transportation (vehicles enhance greenhouse gas effect)
20
Q

What is the problem with a growing population of ore extraction?

A
  • Higher demand > take from lower grade ores > Antarctica in future (2048 review)
21
Q

How can ore extraction be sustainable in Grasberg mine?

A
  • Tailorings: holding lagoons (remove suspended solids), filter through limestone
    -
  • Baffle mounds (reduce noise pollution)
  • Dust spray (reduce dust pollution)
  • EIA
22
Q

What alternative methods can be used to abstract copper and ores?

A
  • Bioleaching (bacteria take copper from waste)
  • Phytomining (plants take copper from waste)
  • Deep sea exploration (reduce mining in other areas)
  • Restoration plants (Island copper mine)
23
Q

What are the negative impacts of South to North water transfer?

A
  • Reduction in sediment downstream > coastal erosion
  • Delta region dry out
  • Decreased velocity of water: algae blooms
    saltwater intrusion
    schistosomiasis
  • EQ on tibetan plate from weight of dams
24
Q

How can water water become sustainable in South to North water transfer?

A
  • Reduce over abstraction in Beijing (less subsidence)
  • Coastal defences (Yangtze but didn’t work)
  • Grey water usage instead

Geography test (3 decks)

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