Global systems and global governance Flashcards
What are the threats to Antarctica?
- Tourism
- Climate change
- Mining
- Fishing/whaling
How does climate change impact Antarctica?
- Acidification > damage to sea life (marine snails), food web
- Western sea ice sinking > changing sea ice (Emperor penguin down chinstrap up)
How does fishing/whaling effect Antarctica?
- Whales decreased 275,000 - 2000 in 1964
- Long line fishing, patagonian toothfish
Negative impacts of tourism on Antarctica
- MV explorer, oil spills
- Waste will have slow decomposition
Positives impacts of tourism on Antarctica
- Raised awareness
- 95% landing sites no damaged
What does IAATO do and how does it limit impacts?
Regulates tourism through guidelines:
- large cruise ships not allowed
- tourist wear red jackets
- limited number of tourists
Positives and negatives of IWM?
+ decreased levels of whaling, increased social/political costs
- Countries objected (Russia)
- Loophole in scientific research (Japan)
Negatives of differential access to markets
- LIC not part of trade bloc
- Less FDI > less TNCs
- Primacy, freetown in Sierra Leone
- Dependent on trade bloc (Mexico suffered from US 2008 recession)
- Relocation of TNCs from USA to Mexico, bad condition in Maquiladora
Positives of differential access to markets
- Special differential treatment (STDs), promotes economic growth and diversification
- NAFTA, ($142-452 billion from 1993-2018) > more trade between USA and Mexico
Economic impacts of poor market access
- Reinforces poverty (primacy)
- Less industrial development > no multiplier effect
- Lack of development in manufacturing (Sierra Leone manufacturing contributes to 27% of GDP)
- Fewer employment (70% of under 25 unemployed in Sierra Leone)
Strength and weakness of SDT
+ better markets access, increase competitiveness
- Not completely generalised
- deindustrialisation on HIC
4 paragraphs of TNCs vs UN
- Positive of UN
- Negative of UN
- Positive of TNCs
- Negative of TNCs
Success of UN millennium development goals
- Reduced poverty from 47-14%
Weaknesses of UN millenium goals
- Widening disparity 30% of countries did not meet targets
- Issues with data, proportion reduce due to population increase (800 million still in extreme poverty)
- ## Disparity between rural/urban areas (56 vs 87% attended by health personal)
Evidence of UN promoting peace
- 75,000 peacekeepers in Sierra Leone (maintained peace for development)
- Involvement in Gulf war stopped conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in 8 months
Evidence of UN failing to promote peace
- Veto power, Russia stopped intervention in Syria
- UN peacekeeping have been ineffective at times:(Yugoslavian civil war, 7800 people massacred)
(Rwandan genocide as abandoned refugee camps)
Overview of UN
- 193 countries
- UN millennium development goals
- Promote stability and peace
- Organisations (International court of Justice)
Positive impacts of TNCs on country of origin
- Cheaper goods as produced at a lower cost > benefits consumers
- Increased tax revenue due to profit repatriation
Negative impacts of TNCs on country of origin
- Deindustrialisation
- Structural unemployment
Positives of TNCs on host country
- Employment - average wage 40% higher
- Upskilling of workers
Negatives of TNCs on host country
- Poor working conditions (child labour)
- Exploitation of resources (impact on environment)
- Rural urban migration
- Local firms cannot compete (close down)
- Repatriation of profits
Positive impact of apple on Ireland
- Employs 4000 workers directly and 2500 across supply chain
- Attracts high skilled workforce
- Reputation as host country for tech firms (Gentrification)
Negative impact of apple on Ireland
- Most highly skilled workers are foreign, conflict between locals and migrants
- Tax avoidance
Positive of apple in Foxconn city
- Pay high than local firms
- Use local firms for production process
Negatives of apple in Foxconn city
- Poor labour conditions (race to the bottom)
- High suicides (14 in 2010)
- Environmental issues, toxic chemicals such as PVS
