Resistance Or Hybridity Arguments

Question 1

Winston James (1993)

Answer 1

the experience of racism unified the culture and identity of Afro-Caribbean’s in the UK. Black peoples themselves may have even divided themselves based on differences in their island of origin. Division based on darkness of skin, hierarchy etc

Question 2

Jacobson (1997)

Answer 2

young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from white British society. Found that young British Muslims face difficulties and problems and therefore a strong Muslim id entity gives them a sense of stability, security and belonging

Question 3

Modood (1997)

Answer 3

found generational differences in reference to identity; second-generation ethnic minority’s from Afro-Caribbean and Asian backgrounds felt much more British than their parents whilst still seeing their ethnic origin as a key part of their ethnic identity

Question 4

Postmodernists

Answer 4

argue that identity can be created by individuals due to a globalised and media-saturated society. Therefore, ethnicity is becoming less significant

Question 5

Cashmore and Troyna (1990)

Answer 5

argues that there’s a tendency for ethnic minorities to ‘turn inwards’ to seek support from within their own ethnic community as a response to experiencing racism. Thus, religion and culture are strengthened and become key sources of identity and support