Gender Identity

Question 1

Oakley (1981)

Answer 1

argues gender roles are socially constructed through:

• Manipulation: encouraging stereotypical gender behaviour
• Canalisation: steering their child’s interests in particular toys/activities
• Verbal Appellation: giving children nicknames that reinforce gender expectations
• Different Activities: encouraging children to help in activities at home, eg girl helping with baking and boy helping clean the car

Question 2

Jackson (2006)

Answer 2

ladettes spend their time drinking, smoking and disrupting lessons for fear that doing otherwise is seen as ‘uncool’

Question 3

Connell (1995)

Answer 3

argues there’s a range of masculine identities but that hegemonic masculinity is the most common. There’s also subordinate masculinity and marginalised masculinity

Question 4

Parsons (1955)

Answer 4

females have an ‘expressive role’ in the family based on child bearing that is reinforced by socialisation. Males have an ‘instrumental role’ being the breadwinner and protector which is too reinforced by socialisation

Question 5

EVALUATION:
Mac and Ghaill (1994)
Crisis of Masculinity

Answer 5

use the term ‘crisis of masculinity’ to refer to the insecurity felt by WC men due to the loss of the ‘breadwinner’ identity and decline in traditional male industries