Reserch midterm Flashcards
What are non-variables?
Difficult or almost impossible to measure variables
Non-variables can be challenging to quantify due to their nature.
What are dependent variables?
influenced by independent variables and measured to see changes; they represent the outcome or effect
Examples include outcomes measured in experiments.
What are confounding variables?
Variables that cannot be directly measured because they cant be easily separated form the variable.
Examples include health, environment, and habits affecting test outcomes.
What are the two types of variable measures?
- Categorical measure
- Numerical measure
Categorical measures assign values into categories, while numerical measures assign values along a continuum.
What are the subtypes of numerical measures?
- Continuous
-can land anywhere within the range of bracket in exitance(never ending) - Discrete
-you only get certain options on that range is discreet # (always land on whole, half, inch)
Continuous measures can take any value within a range, while discrete measures can only take specific values.
What are the subtypes of categorical measures?
- Ordinal
-categories that automatically have an order are ordinal -rainbow, abcs - Nominal
-just have a name on the category is nominal -hair color groups
Ordinal categories have a defined order, whereas nominal categories do not.
What is a research problem?
A general educational issue or concern that an investigator presents and justifies in a study
Identifying the issue leads to the formulation of a problem statement.
What are the steps to find a research question?
1- Identify topic keywords
2- Define the research problem
3- Create a problem statement
4- Formulate the research question
The research question specifies what is being measured.
What ethical violations occurred in the Tuskegee Experiment?
-The Tuskegee experiment was conducted to study syphilis and the effects of the disease
-Selection Bias: Targeted poor, Black, illiterate men exclusively.
-Informed Consent: Deceived participants by falsely promising treatment.
-Risk vs. Benefit: Men were denied treatment (even after penicillin was discovered), leading to infections among their families.
-Respect for Persons: Participants were misled, preventing autonomy.
Beneficence Violated: -Researchers prolonged suffering, causing 28 direct syphilis deaths and 100 related deaths.
The study led to significant harm and suffering for participants.
What ethical violations occurred in the Milgram
Purpose: Tested obedience to authority.
Informed Consent:
Respect for Persons:
Risk vs. Benefit:
Beneficence Violated
-The Milgram experiment was an obedience study and was used to test the extent “normal” people would go to.
brake
yes
Quantitative v Qualitative
Qualitative uses closed questions and numbers
qualitative uses open questions and explores experiences
Quantitative research focuses on numerical trends, whereas qualitative research seeks detailed understanding.
What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive issues?
- Descriptive issues: Quantitative, factual explanations
- Prescriptive issues: Qualitative, value explorations
Descriptive issues categorize and count, while prescriptive issues explore individual reasoning.
What is a literature review?
A written summary of past and current research organized by topics
It documents the need for the proposed study and supports the theory used.
What is operationalization?
The process of converting subjective concepts into objective measures agreed upon by researchers
It establishes clear definitions for variables in research.
What are non-probability sampling methods?
9 methods
before data collection-6
after-3
These methods include convenience sampling and purposeful sampling.
Critically Evaluate and Select the Literature
1-thematic review
-Literature documents the theme identified by researcher
-No study is discussed in detail
2-Study-by-study review
-Detailed review of each study
-Studies grouped by themes
-organized under subheadings
This method seeks to capture diverse perspectives.
The Quality of the research depends on the Sample
1-sample must be large enough
2-sample must represent target audience
3-sample must be random
what’s a variable
An attribute /characteristic that can be measured and varies under different conditions (upon witch you measure it)
what are independent varibles
Variables that influence the outcome of dependent variables; they are manipulated or controlled
Examples include treatments or interventions in an experiment.
mediating variables
Variables that stand between independent and dependent variables, affecting/changing the outcome
An example is the relationship between therapy and improved functioning.
Sampling types:
Typical -1
Homogenous-2
Theory or Concept- 3
Opportunistic -4
Critical-5
Confirming Sampling -6
Maximal-7
Extreme-8
snowball-9
1-Uses one or more typical cases because we cant do everybody
2-Picks up a small sample with similar characteristics
3-People who can provide the appropriate and relevant data for the generation of a theory.
4-Participants are selected based on naturally occurring
groups
5-Selecting a small number of important cases with significant interest to the research problem
6-Cases which support the theory, and cases which don’t finds exceptions, shows if theory is strong or not
7-Including a wide range of extremes -outliers of weird possibilities, find the extremes of each other
8-Sampling/choosing extreme cases after knowing the typical or average case
9
Research process
The research process
1. Identify the Research Problem or Question
2. Conduct a Literature Review
3. Develop a Research Plan
4. Collect Data
5. Analyze and Interpret Data
6. Draw Conclusions and Make Recommendations
7. Communicate and Share Findings
**generalizable & representative:
Generalizable, representative (big enough so it addresses all possibilities in target audience, but small enough to work with)
