Researcher Names

Question 1

Aronson & Linder

Answer 1

Proposed gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant)

Question 2

Solomon Asch

Answer 2

Studies conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines

Question 3

K. Clark & M. Clark

Answer 3

Performed study on doll preferences in African American children (used in Brown v. Board of Education); black and white children preferred white dolls

Question 4

Darley & Latane

Answer 4

Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility

Question 5

A. Eagly

Answer 5

Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles

Question 6

L. Festinger

Answer 6

Developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed social comparison theory

Question 7

E. Hall

Answer 7

Studies norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions

Question 8

F. Heider

Answer 8

Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational

Question 9

C. Hovland

Answer 9

studied attitude change, source credibility

Question 10

I. Janis

Answer 10

Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision making can sometimes go awry

Question 11

M. Lerner

Answer 11

proposed concept of belief in a just world

Question 12

K. Lewin

Answer 12

Divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire

Question 13

W. McGuire

Answer 13

studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion

Question 14

S. Milgram

Answer 14

studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers

Question 15

T. Newcomb

Answer 15

studied political norms (community influence)

Question 16

Petty & Cacioppo

Answer 16

developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion)

Question 17

S. Schachter

Answer 17

studies relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation

Question 18

M. Sherif

Answer 18

used autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber’s Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation

Question 19

R. Zajonc

Answer 19

studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses

Question 20

P. Zimbardo

Answer 20

performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results

Question 21

D. Bem

Answer 21

developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory (evaluate attitudes based on behavior)

Question 22

M. Ainsworth

Answer 22

devised the strange situation to study attachment

Question 23

D. Baumrind

Answer 23

stidued the relationship between parental style and aggression

Question 24

J. Bowlby

Answer 24

studied attachment in human children

Question 25

N. Chomsky

Answer 25

linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition; distinguished between the surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another

Question 26

E. Erikson

Answer 26

outlined eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan; ego psychologist

Question 27

S. Freud

Answer 27

outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development; originator of the psychodynamic approach to personality; developed psychoanalysis

Question 28

A. Gesell

Answer 28

believed that development was due primarily to maturation

Question 29

C. Gilligan

Answer 29

suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality

Question 30

G. Hall

Answer 30

founder of developmental psychology

Question 31

H. Harlow

Answer 31

used monkeys and "surrogate mothers" to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation

Question 32

L. Kohlberg

Answer 32

studied moral development using moral dilemmas

Question 33

J. Locke

Answer 33

British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabula rasa) to be written on by experience

Question 34

K. Lorenz

Answer 34

ethologist who studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment; studied imprinting on birds

Question 35

J. Piaget

Answer 35

outlined four stages of cognitive development

Question 36

J. Rousseau

Answer 36

French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society

Question 37

L. Terman

Answer 37

performed longitudinal study on gifted children

Question 38

R. Tryon

Answer 38

studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats

Question 39

L. Vygotsky

Answer 39

studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development

Question 40

A. Adler

Answer 40

psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of inferiority complex