Researcher Names Flashcards
Aronson & Linder
Proposed gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant)
Solomon Asch
Studies conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines
K. Clark & M. Clark
Performed study on doll preferences in African American children (used in Brown v. Board of Education); black and white children preferred white dolls
Darley & Latane
Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility
A. Eagly
Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles
L. Festinger
Developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed social comparison theory
E. Hall
Studies norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions
F. Heider
Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational
C. Hovland
studied attitude change, source credibility
I. Janis
Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision making can sometimes go awry
M. Lerner
proposed concept of belief in a just world
K. Lewin
Divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire
W. McGuire
studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion
S. Milgram
studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers
T. Newcomb
studied political norms (community influence)
Petty & Cacioppo
developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion)
S. Schachter
studies relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation
M. Sherif
used autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber’s Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation
R. Zajonc
studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses
P. Zimbardo
performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results
D. Bem
developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory (evaluate attitudes based on behavior)
M. Ainsworth
devised the strange situation to study attachment
D. Baumrind
stidued the relationship between parental style and aggression
J. Bowlby
studied attachment in human children
N. Chomsky
linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition; distinguished between the surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another
E. Erikson
outlined eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan; ego psychologist
S. Freud
outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development; originator of the psychodynamic approach to personality; developed psychoanalysis
A. Gesell
believed that development was due primarily to maturation
C. Gilligan
suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality
G. Hall
founder of developmental psychology
H. Harlow
used monkeys and “surrogate mothers” to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation
L. Kohlberg
studied moral development using moral dilemmas
J. Locke
British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabula rasa) to be written on by experience
K. Lorenz
ethologist who studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment; studied imprinting on birds
J. Piaget
outlined four stages of cognitive development
J. Rousseau
French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society
L. Terman
performed longitudinal study on gifted children
R. Tryon
studied the genetic basis of maze-running ability in rats
L. Vygotsky
studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development
A. Adler
psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of inferiority complex
