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Psychology GRE > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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0
Q

How long does sensory memory last?

A

Only a few seconds.

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1
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory?

A

Sensory, short term, and long term.

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2
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

The sensory memory for vision

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3
Q

Describe George Sperling’s experiment involving iconic memory.

A

Participants were shown a group of letters for a fraction of a second and were told to write them down. They could write part of the letters down, but by the time they wrote down the first letters, they had already forgotten the last ones. This shows sensory memory exists, but only for a few seconds.

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4
Q

What is backward masking? Who discovered this?

A

Ulric Neisser discovered backward masking. This is when subjects are exposed to a bright flash of light or a new pattern before the iconic image fades, the first image will be erased or forgotten. It works for the auditory system as well.

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5
Q

What is an icon?

A

A brief visual memory

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6
Q

What is sensory memory for auditory sensations called?

A

Echoic memory

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7
Q

What is working memory?

A

The type of short term memory that is needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment.

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8
Q

What did George Miller find about STM?

A

It has the capacity of about 7 items (+ or - 2 items).

Hint: Think phone numbers (Ex./ 555-4567)

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9
Q

What is the key to keeping items in the short term memory and transferring them to long term memory?

A

Rehearsal (repeating or practicing)

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of rehearsal?

A

Primary (maintenance) rehearsal and secondary (elaborative) rehearsal

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11
Q

What is primary or maintenance rehearsal?

A

Simply repeating material in order to hold it in STM.

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12
Q

What is secondary (elaborative) rehearsal?

A

Organizing and understanding material in order to transfer it to LTM

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13
Q

What is interference? What are the 2 types?

A

Interference is how other information or distractions cause one to forget items in the STM. 2 types are Proactive and retroactive interference.

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14
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Disrupting info that was learned BEFORE the new items were presented, such as a list of similar words. It causes proactive inhibition.

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15
Q

What is retroactive interference? What does it cause?

A

Disrupting info that was learned BEFORE the new items were presented, such as a list of similar words. It causes retroactive inhibition.

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16
Q

What is Long-term memory retention measured by?

A

Recognition, Recall, and Savings

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17
Q

What does recall require?

A

Recall requires that subjects generate information on their own.

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of recall? What do they mean?

A

Cued recall begins the task; fill-in-the-blank tests are an example. Free recall is remembering with no clue.

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19
Q

What does Savings measure? How does it do this?

A

Savings measures how much info about a subject remains in LTM by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time as opposed to the first time.

20
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

Material is more likely to be remembered if it is retrieved in the same context in which it was stored. LTM is subject to this.

21
Q

What type of memory consists of details, events, and discrete knowledge?

A

Episodic memory

22
Q

What type of memory consists of general knowledge of the world?

A

Semantic memory

23
Q

What type of memory involves knowing “how to” do something?

A

Procedural memory

24
Q

What type of memory involves knowing a fact?

A

Declarative memory

25
Q

What type of memory involved knowing something and being consciously aware that you know it? An example is knowing a fact.

A

Explicit memory

26
Q

What type of memory involves knowing something without being aware of knowing it?

A

Implicit Memory

Ex./ An amnesia patient had completed a mirror drawing several days in a row and each day his performance increased, but each day he reported never having done the task before.

27
Q

Describe the forgetting curve.

A

The forgetting curve depicts a sharp drop in savings immediately after learning and then levels off, with a slightly downward trend.

28
Q

True or False:

Hermann Ebbinghaus came up with the learning curve AND the forgetting curve.

A

True.

Ebbinghaus was the first to study memory systematically.

29
Q

Is memory reconstructive or rote? That is, are people more likely to remember ideas of a story or details and grammar?

A

People are more likely to remember ideas, called reconstructive. Fredrick Bartlett discovered this.

30
Q

Allan Paivio suggested the dual code hypothesis. What is this?

A

The idea that items will be better remembered if they are encoded both visually and semantically (with understanding).

31
Q

Explain depth of processing. Who came up with this idea?

A

Ferguson Craik and Robert Lockhart assert learning and recall depend on the depth of processing. Different levels exist from the most superficial phonological level to the deep semantic (meaning) level. The deeper and item is processed, the easier it is to learn and recall.

32
Q

What did Elizabeth Loftus find about the memory of traumatic events?

A

She found that the memory of traumatic events is altered by the event itself and by the way that questions about the event are phrased. Example of cars “crashing” or “rate upon impact.”

33
Q

Brenda Milner wrote about a patient “HM.” What was his story?

A

He was given a lesion of the hippocampus because he suffered from severe epilepsy. After the surgery, he could remember everything before the surgery and store more STM’s, he could no longer form LTM’s.

34
Q

What is serial recall?

A

A list- such as the USA presidents- is recalled in order.

35
Q

What are primacy and recency effects?

A

First and last few items learned are easiest to remember whereas the ones in the middle are forgotten.

36
Q

Serial anticipation learning. What is it?

A

Similar to serial learning, instead of being asked to recall an entire list of items, the subject is asked one item at a time.

37
Q

What is the type of learning we use when we study foreign languages?

A

Paired-associate learning.

We pair words together and associate them together. When I study Portuguese I pair the English word with the Portuguese word.

38
Q

What is decay theory or trace theory?

A

One of the 2 main theories in the origin of forgetting. It posits that memories simply fade with time. This theory has been called too simplistic because other activities are known to interfere with retrieval.

39
Q

What is interference theory?

A

One of the two main theories that suggests the origin of forgetting. It suggests that competing information blocks retrieval.

40
Q

What are memory cues that help learning and recall called?

A

Mnemonics

41
Q

What does the generation-recognition model suggest?

A

Anything that one might recall should be easily recognized.

42
Q

What phenomenon has occurred when a certain memory is on the verge of being retrieved but is not successfully retrieved?

A

Tip-of-the-toungue phenomenon

43
Q

What is state-dependent memory?

A

Similar to state-dependent learning. Retrieval is more successful if it occurs in the same emotional state or physical state in which encoding occurs.

44
Q

What is the brain’s tendency to group similar items together when they they are learned together or not?

A

Clustering

45
Q

What is another name for photographic memory?

A

Eidetic imagery.

It is more common in children and in rural cultures.

46
Q

What are memories that seem to be burned into the brain?

A

Flashbulb memories

47
Q

What is the Zeigarnik effect?

A

The tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed ones.

48
Q

Give an example of the cocktail party effect.

A

A person can attend to one salient message (like their own name) and tune out others.

Psychology GRE (10 decks)

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