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RESEARCH, LAW & REG > research - quiz #2 > Flashcards

research - quiz #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

ANATOMY OF AN ARTICLE

A

Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion/Conclusion
References

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2
Q

abstract

A

summary/ highlight of paper

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3
Q

introduction

A

most references are here

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4
Q

methods

A

“how was the study carried out?”

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5
Q

results

A

“What Happened?” qualitative or quantitative

objective data only - demographics & outcomes analysis - visual presentation of data

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6
Q

discussion/ conclusion

A

“Why does it matter?” authors interpretation of the data

tying results back to research question

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7
Q

references

A

“how does this relate to past research?”

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8
Q

SELECTION BIAS

A

-which articles you select to include in your review
-which subjects are selected to participate in study

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9
Q

PUBLICATION BIAS

A

studies with positive results are more likely to get published

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10
Q

HAWTHORNE EFFECT

A

acting differently because you know you are being watched

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11
Q

RECALL BIAS

A

issue with retrospective studies: people may not recall things accurately
-relying on participant memory

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12
Q

STUDY HETEROGENEITY

A

studies in a lit review are too different to be compared

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13
Q

NULL HYPOTHESIS

A

the idea that your hypothesis will not work
= opposite → strengthen credibility

inferential statistics: disprove the null hypothesis

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14
Q

MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE

A

measures central tendency

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15
Q

MEAN

A

average

add them all & divide by number of items
-affected by extremes

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16
Q

MEDIAN

A

the middle number in a set
-less affected by extremes

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17
Q

MODE

A

the number that appears the most
-more useful for categorical data

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18
Q

RANGE

A

distance between the highest and lowest values

19
Q

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY DESIGN

A

-describes clinical experiences, thoughts & observations
-can not demonstrate cause & effect
-lack control/comparison group
-can be used to form hypothesis, leading to further investigation

20
Q

TYPES of descriptive study design

A

Case Study
Case Series
Correlational Study
Qualitative Study

21
Q

EXPERIMENTAL EXPLORATORY STUDY DESIGN
(cross-sectional, case-control, cohort)

A

-evaluates efficiency
-researcher has active role in intervention (controls some variables)
-relationship between exposure & outcome
-ethical considerations as researcher is controlling environments

22
Q

OBSERVATIONAL/ ANALYTICAL EXPLORATORY STUDY DESIGN (cross-sectional, case-control, cohort)

A

-seeks to establish cause, factors & predictors
-investigator observes what is happening
-relationship between exposure & outcome
-less ethical consideration as exposures & outcomes happen naturally

23
Q

LITERATURE REVIEW STUDY DESIGN

A

-summarize existing evidence on a topic
*question is posed:
-guidelines are set for which types of research will be included in review
-research is analyzed to see how strong it is
-important; if result repeated, more likely to be true!
= ‘reproducibility’

24
Q

TYPES of lit review study design

A

Narrative Review
Meta Analysis
Systematic Review

25
Q

P-SCORE/ VALUE NUMBER (#VALUES & MEANING)

A

-tells odds of getting particular result
-based on number of participants in study
-if p score small enough, conclude that outcome is not random
-less than 5% is key - usually
-statistical significance = p<0.05
-rules out CHANCE as possible explanation for outcome

26
Q

FALSE POSITIVE

A

when the null hypothesis is falsely rejected (alpha)

Usual levels: no higher than .05 for alpha

27
Q

FALSE NEGATIVE

A

when the null hypothesis is falsely accepted (beta)

usual levels: no lower than 80% for beta

28
Q

HIGH LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

A

1 = systemic reviews
2 = critically appraised topics
3 = individual articles
4 = randomized controlled trials
5 = cohort studies
6 = case control studies
7 = background information

29
Q

EXTERNAL VALIDITY

A

can the findings be generalized to a larger group than the one in the study

30
Q

INTERNAL VALIDITY

A

extent to which observed results represent the truth in population we are studying

31
Q

STATISTICAL VALIDITY

A

is the statistical analysis properly chosen and used

32
Q

THREATS TO RESEARCH VALIDITY - external

A

lack of Randomization, lack of control

33
Q

THREATS TO RESEARCH VALIDITY - internal

A

confounds, bias, history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression, selection, mortality

34
Q

THREATS TO RESEARCH VALIDITY - statistical

A

sample size (power), lack of standardization

35
Q

TYPES OF VALIDITY

A

-Face: makes sense according to a lay person
-Content: makes sense according to an expert
-Predictive: properly measures an outcome
-Concurrent: results are same as other similar outcomes
-Discriminant: scores are high & low as expected
-Construct: measures what it is supposed to

36
Q

NOMINAL VARIABLE

A

= category
-can be dichotomous – ie, yes or no
-or can have more categories – ie, Blood type (A, B, AB, O)

37
Q

CONFOUNDING VARIABLE

A

an unmeasured third variable that influences both the supposed cause and the supposed effect

-is there another variable that could explain this outcome?
Lack of control group
“Chicken or the egg” problem – temporal relationship - which came first?

38
Q

CORRELATION

A

mutual relationship or connection between two or more things
*correlation does NOT mean causation

39
Q

RELIABILITY

A

how consistently a method measures something

40
Q

TYPES of reliability

A

-Inter-rater: do different raters get the same results
-Intra-rater: does the same rater consistently get the same result
-Test-Retest: is the same result repeated, time and time again

41
Q

ATTRITION

A

the loss of study units from a sample

= a reduction or decrease in numbers, size, or strength

42
Q

COMPLIANCE

A

willingly do what they are asked to do

patient compliance

43
Q

participant Compliance & Attrition

A

-adherence should be achievable
-intention to treat analysis
-includes ‘dropouts’ in statistical analysis

44
Q

HETEROGENEITY

A

signifies diversity/ variability

RESEARCH, LAW & REG (5 decks)

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