research - FINAL EXAM

Question 1

Reality is…

Answer 1

QUANTITATIVE: quantifiable, objective
QUALITATIVE: based on observer, subjective

Question 2

Cause & effect is…

Answer 2

QUANTITATIVE: linear
QUALITATIVE: based on many factors, unique, based on situation

Question 3

Research is…

Answer 3

QUANTITATIVE: reproducible, base on manipulation of variables
QUALITATIVE: individual, based on what happens naturally

Question 4

The researcher is…

Answer 4

QUANTITATIVE: separate from study, as objective as possible
QUALITATIVE: intertwined in study, as objective as possible

Question 5

Participant selection is…

Answer 5

QUANTITATIVE: random
QUALITATIVE: usually based on knowledge/ experience

Question 6

Study design…

Answer 6

QUANTITATIVE: can be observational/ experimental, generalizable to population, involves quantifiable outcomes, decided beforehand
QUALITATIVE: use open ended interviews, open ended surveys, direct observations, involves descriptions, may change as study proceeds

Question 7

data…

Answer 7

QUANTITATIVE: presented in numbers
QUALITATIVE: presented in words

Question 8

QUALITATIVE

Answer 8

-no difference between observer & observation
-does not assume objective external reality
-takes all observations as relevant & valid
-does not assume reproducibility, all outcomes situationally dependent
-assumes cause & effect based on multiple variables
-open-ended interviews & surveys, or direct observations
*data expressed in words, not numbers!

Question 9

QUANTITATIVE

Answer 9

-quantifiable reality
-linear cause & effect
-summarize & manage large amounts of data
-reproducibility
-can be experimental / observational
*data can be expressed as a number – can be quantified!

Question 10

ANATOMY of an ARTICLE

Answer 10

-Abstract – summary
-Introduction – most references here
-Methods – how was study carried out?
-Results – what happened? qualitative/ quantitative, objective data only
-Discussion/Conclusion – authors interpretation of data
-References – how does this relate to past research?

Question 11

LEVELS of EVIDENCE

Answer 11

1. meta-analysis
2. systemic reviews
3. randomized controlled trials
4. cohorts studies
5. case control studies
6. case reports, case series
7. animal/ lab studies

Question 12

RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

Answer 12

-establish cause & effect relationship
-reduces risk of bias
-weighted more heavily than non-randomized

Question 13

CORRELATION

Answer 13

AKA population survey
-uses existing data
-looks for statistical association between exposure & outcome
*correlation DOES NOT MEAN causation!

Question 14

LITERATURE REVIEW

Answer 14

*summarize existing evidence on a topic
-question is posed
-guidelines set; which types of research will be included
-research analyzed to see how strong it is
-important; if result is repeated over & over again, more likely to be true!
= ‘reproducibility’

Question 15

literature review TYPES

Answer 15

Narrative Review
Meta Analysis
Systematic Review

Question 16

CROSS SECTIONAL

Answer 16

(observational explanatory studies)
-data simultaneously collected across a population at a particular point in time
-provides snapshot of a situation
-different groups of subjects are compared at same time

Question 17

PROSPECTIVE COHORT

Answer 17

(observational explanatory studies)
-longitudinal/ prospective studies
-outcome has not yet occurred
-people grouped based on whether they are exposed or not, then followed to see if they experience the outcome

Question 18

N-of-1 trial

Answer 18

research design where single patient undergoes multiple interventions over different periods to evaluate effectiveness of a treatment

(double blind & placebo controlled, but with just one client)

Question 19

CASE STUDY

Answer 19

-simplest form of descriptive study
-description of one client (n=1)
-usually presents something original: a new treatment, unusual response to treatment

Question 20

what does a case study consist of

Answer 20

Title
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction (backed up by research)
Methods (assessment, treatment)
Results
Conclusion (why these results? Any issues or bias?)
References
Charting

Question 21

retrospective (designs)

Answer 21

use past data to analyze a change
Ex: look at client who now has no back pain & see what treatment the RMT did

Question 22

prospective (designs)

Answer 22

design & experiment outcome analyze data based on implementation of an exposure
Ex: client with back pain & try heat prior to massage instead of after to see if pain decreases

Question 23

ORDER (anatomy of an article)

Answer 23

cover, abstract, body, references, appendices

Question 24

REFERENCES (location)

Answer 24

-within BODY of paper (citation)
-in exhaustive list at END (reference)

Question 25

reference layout

Answer 25

-alphabetical order
-1st line of reference is left justified, all other lines indented
-different types of sources cited differently