research - FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Reality is…
QUANTITATIVE: quantifiable, objective
QUALITATIVE: based on observer, subjective
Cause & effect is…
QUANTITATIVE: linear
QUALITATIVE: based on many factors, unique, based on situation
Research is…
QUANTITATIVE: reproducible, base on manipulation of variables
QUALITATIVE: individual, based on what happens naturally
The researcher is…
QUANTITATIVE: separate from study, as objective as possible
QUALITATIVE: intertwined in study, as objective as possible
Participant selection is…
QUANTITATIVE: random
QUALITATIVE: usually based on knowledge/ experience
Study design…
QUANTITATIVE: can be observational/ experimental, generalizable to population, involves quantifiable outcomes, decided beforehand
QUALITATIVE: use open ended interviews, open ended surveys, direct observations, involves descriptions, may change as study proceeds
data…
QUANTITATIVE: presented in numbers
QUALITATIVE: presented in words
QUALITATIVE
-no difference between observer & observation
-does not assume objective external reality
-takes all observations as relevant & valid
-does not assume reproducibility, all outcomes situationally dependent
-assumes cause & effect based on multiple variables
-open-ended interviews & surveys, or direct observations
*data expressed in words, not numbers!
QUANTITATIVE
-quantifiable reality
-linear cause & effect
-summarize & manage large amounts of data
-reproducibility
-can be experimental / observational
*data can be expressed as a number – can be quantified!
ANATOMY of an ARTICLE
-Abstract – summary
-Introduction – most references here
-Methods – how was study carried out?
-Results – what happened? qualitative/ quantitative, objective data only
-Discussion/Conclusion – authors interpretation of data
-References – how does this relate to past research?
LEVELS of EVIDENCE
- meta-analysis
- systemic reviews
- randomized controlled trials
- cohorts studies
- case control studies
- case reports, case series
- animal/ lab studies
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
-establish cause & effect relationship
-reduces risk of bias
-weighted more heavily than non-randomized
CORRELATION
AKA population survey
-uses existing data
-looks for statistical association between exposure & outcome
*correlation DOES NOT MEAN causation!
LITERATURE REVIEW
*summarize existing evidence on a topic
-question is posed
-guidelines set; which types of research will be included
-research analyzed to see how strong it is
-important; if result is repeated over & over again, more likely to be true!
= ‘reproducibility’
literature review TYPES
Narrative Review
Meta Analysis
Systematic Review
CROSS SECTIONAL
(observational explanatory studies)
-data simultaneously collected across a population at a particular point in time
-provides snapshot of a situation
-different groups of subjects are compared at same time
PROSPECTIVE COHORT
(observational explanatory studies)
-longitudinal/ prospective studies
-outcome has not yet occurred
-people grouped based on whether they are exposed or not, then followed to see if they experience the outcome
N-of-1 trial
research design where single patient undergoes multiple interventions over different periods to evaluate effectiveness of a treatment
(double blind & placebo controlled, but with just one client)
CASE STUDY
-simplest form of descriptive study
-description of one client (n=1)
-usually presents something original: a new treatment, unusual response to treatment
what does a case study consist of
Title
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction (backed up by research)
Methods (assessment, treatment)
Results
Conclusion (why these results? Any issues or bias?)
References
Charting
retrospective (designs)
use past data to analyze a change
Ex: look at client who now has no back pain & see what treatment the RMT did
prospective (designs)
design & experiment outcome analyze data based on implementation of an exposure
Ex: client with back pain & try heat prior to massage instead of after to see if pain decreases
ORDER (anatomy of an article)
cover, abstract, body, references, appendices
REFERENCES (location)
-within BODY of paper (citation)
-in exhaustive list at END (reference)
reference layout
-alphabetical order
-1st line of reference is left justified, all other lines indented
-different types of sources cited differently
