Research Question and Evidence Flashcards
Relevance of research
- exercise scientist
- exercise physiologist
- student
- To an exercise scientist: Informs practice
- To an Accredited Exercise physiologist: Informs clinical practice
- To me as a student: Practicum hours, post-graduate degrees
Define evidence based practice
- Evidence based practice is the attempt to locate the best available research evidence to assist health professionals make the best decision for their client
What are the 5 steps of the closed loop research process
- Question identified (top middle of the circle)
- Hypotheses formed
- Research plan
- Data collected
- Results interpreted (New questions arise)
define hypothesis
- A belief or prediction of the eventual outcome of the research
state and define the 2 types of hypothesis
- Null hypothesis - typical statistical theory which suggests that no statistical relationship and significance between data
Alternative (research) hypothesis - the alternative hypothesis is a position that states something is happening
what are the different types of papers
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
Where to go for facts
Australia bureau of statistics
what are the 2 study types and define
- Observational (natural) studies
- Observing trend in PA levels over time
2. Experimental studies (the researcher tries to change the exposure, factor, infleunce) - Providing an exercise program to see if fitness changes
- Observing trend in PA levels over time
Explain the evidence and study design triangle
- Editorials, expert opinion (bottom)
- Case reports
- Case-control studies
- Cohort studies
- Randomized controlled trials
- Systematic reviews (top)
Define systematic review
- A systematic review attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question
Define forest plots
- A forest plot displays effect estimates and confidence intervals for both individual studies and meta-analyses
What are the 4 levels of evidence
- A: Body of evidence can be trusted to guide practice
- B: Body of evidence can be trusted to guide practice in most situations
- C: Body of evidence provides some support for recommendations but care should be taken
- D: Body of evidence is weak and recommendation must be applied with caution
Key element of research
Objectivity
4 sources to identify the problem
Theoretical basis
- Professional practice
- Personal experience
- Shear curiosity
Define inductive reasoning
Specific observations leading to broad generalisations
Define deductive reasoning
- General statement, or hypothesis
4 steps of deduction process
- Theory
- Hypothesis
- Observation
- Confirmation
4 steps of an induction process
- Observation
- Pattern
- Tentative hypothesis
- Theory
3 types of research
Descriptive
Relational
Causal
Define cross-sectional study
collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time
Define case-control study
A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition
Define cohort study
A study design where one or more samples (called cohorts) are observed over a period of time. The incidence of disease in the exposed group is compared with the incidence of disease in the unexposed group.
What are the 4 types of observation studies
Cohort
case studies
cross-sectional
case-control
What are the 3 experimental study types
Single group interventions
Quasi - experimental
Randomised controlled trials
Define single group interventions
- Take a group of people, intervene
Measurements at baseline and follow - up (s)
Define quasi - experimental study
Measures are completed in an intervention and comparison group with similar characteristics
- Group are not randomised
Define randomised controlled trials
- Controlled
- Random allocation to groups
Pre and post measures
Define systematic review
A systematic review is a review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and reproducible methods to identify, select and critically appraise all relevant research
Why do a systematic review
Present the evidence base in an accessible format. Helping readers find the results of research quickly and to assess the validity, applicability and implications of those results
- Provide more reliable findings from which conclusions can be drawn and decisions made
- The needs of healthcare providers, consumers, researchers, and policy makers
