Research Question and Evidence

Question 1

Relevance of research

• exercise scientist
• exercise physiologist
• student

Answer 1

• To an exercise scientist: Informs practice
  
  • To an Accredited Exercise physiologist: Informs clinical practice
  • To me as a student: Practicum hours, post-graduate degrees

Question 2

Define evidence based practice

Answer 2

• Evidence based practice is the attempt to locate the best available research evidence to assist health professionals make the best decision for their client

Question 3

What are the 5 steps of the closed loop research process

Answer 3

1. Question identified (top middle of the circle)
   
   2. Hypotheses formed
   3. Research plan
   4. Data collected
   5. Results interpreted (New questions arise)

Question 4

define hypothesis

Answer 4

• A belief or prediction of the eventual outcome of the research

Question 5

state and define the 2 types of hypothesis

Answer 5

1. Null hypothesis - typical statistical theory which suggests that no statistical relationship and significance between data

Alternative (research) hypothesis - the alternative hypothesis is a position that states something is happening

Question 6

what are the different types of papers

Answer 6

• Primary
  
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary

Question 7

Where to go for facts

Answer 7

Australia bureau of statistics

Question 8

what are the 2 study types and define

Answer 8

1. Observational (natural) studies
   
   • Observing trend in PA levels over time
     2. Experimental studies (the researcher tries to change the exposure, factor, infleunce)
   • Providing an exercise program to see if fitness changes

Question 9

Explain the evidence and study design triangle

Answer 9

1. Editorials, expert opinion (bottom)
   
   2. Case reports
   3. Case-control studies
   4. Cohort studies
   5. Randomized controlled trials
   6. Systematic reviews (top)

Question 10

Define systematic review

Answer 10

• A systematic review attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question

Question 11

Define forest plots

Answer 11

• A forest plot displays effect estimates and confidence intervals for both individual studies and meta-analyses

Question 12

What are the 4 levels of evidence

Answer 12

• A: Body of evidence can be trusted to guide practice
  
  • B: Body of evidence can be trusted to guide practice in most situations
  • C: Body of evidence provides some support for recommendations but care should be taken
  • D: Body of evidence is weak and recommendation must be applied with caution

Question 13

Key element of research

Answer 13

Objectivity

Question 14

4 sources to identify the problem

Answer 14

Theoretical basis

• Professional practice
• Personal experience
• Shear curiosity

Question 15

Define inductive reasoning

Answer 15

Specific observations leading to broad generalisations

Question 16

Define deductive reasoning

Answer 16

• General statement, or hypothesis

Question 17

4 steps of deduction process

Answer 17

1. Theory
2. Hypothesis
3. Observation
4. Confirmation

Question 18

4 steps of an induction process

Answer 18

1. Observation
2. Pattern
3. Tentative hypothesis
4. Theory

Question 19

3 types of research

Answer 19

Descriptive
Relational
Causal

Question 20

Define cross-sectional study

Answer 20

collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time

Question 21

Define case-control study

Answer 21

A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition

Question 22

Define cohort study

Answer 22

A study design where one or more samples (called cohorts) are observed over a period of time. The incidence of disease in the exposed group is compared with the incidence of disease in the unexposed group.

Question 23

What are the 4 types of observation studies

Answer 23

Cohort
case studies
cross-sectional
case-control

Question 24

What are the 3 experimental study types

Answer 24

Single group interventions
Quasi - experimental
Randomised controlled trials

Question 25

Define single group interventions

Answer 25

• Take a group of people, intervene

Measurements at baseline and follow - up (s)

Question 26

Define quasi - experimental study

Answer 26

Measures are completed in an intervention and comparison group with similar characteristics
- Group are not randomised

Question 27

Define randomised controlled trials

Answer 27

• Controlled
• Random allocation to groups
  Pre and post measures

Question 28

Define systematic review

Answer 28

A systematic review is a review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and reproducible methods to identify, select and critically appraise all relevant research

Question 29

Why do a systematic review

Answer 29

Present the evidence base in an accessible format. Helping readers find the results of research quickly and to assess the validity, applicability and implications of those results

• Provide more reliable findings from which conclusions can be drawn and decisions made
• The needs of healthcare providers, consumers, researchers, and policy makers