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Patho 1 > Research Midterm > Flashcards

Research Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly / indirectly influences nursing practice

A

Nursing Research

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2
Q

numerical data used to obtain info about the world

A

Quantitative Research

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3
Q

systematic subjective approach used to describe phenomenon and life experiences while providing meaning
-guided by philosophical stance

A

qualitative research

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4
Q

evidence-based practice

A

integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values and needs in delivery of high quality and cost effective care

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5
Q

ID, select critically appraise, and synthesize research evidence to address a problem or questions

A

systematic review

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6
Q

pooling of results from several previous studies using statistical analysis to determine effect of intervention or strength of relationship

A

meta analysis

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7
Q

synthesis of quantitative, qualitative and outcomes; provides direction for future
- narrative analysis

A

integrative review

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8
Q

summation of findings across qualitative studies listing common elements in standard format

A

meta summary

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9
Q

systematic compilation / integration of qualitative studies to expand understanding and develop unique interpretation of the findings

A

meta synthesis

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10
Q

comprehensive summary of previous research

A

literature review

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11
Q

focus = nursing research
teach / serve university
Tenure track: expected to establish strong program of publishing and research

A

PHD

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12
Q

focus = nursing practice
clinical track candidate: teach and its related scholarly work; service to the university in the faculty members professional field

A

DNP

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13
Q

4 Types of quantitative research

A
  • experimental
  • quasi experimental
  • correlational
  • descriptive
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14
Q 
most controlled
at least 1 variable manipulated
cause / effect
I / D variables 
experimental / control grou
random sampling / assignment
A

experimental quantitative

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15
Q

cause / effect
not all variable can be controlled
samples are NOT random
control group is normally give “standard of care” rather than no care at all

A

Quasi experimental

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16
Q

looks at relationships between variables; NO cause / effect

determines strength of relationship

A

correlational

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17
Q

least controlled
exploration / description of phenomenon in real life situations
new meanings are discovered
expressed: %, #, eman, mode, range

A

descriptive

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18
Q

qualities, properties, or characteristics of people, things, or situations that are manipulated or measured

A

variables

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19
Q

stimulus or activity manipulated by research to cause an effect on there other variable
it does not change

A

independent variable

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20
Q

changes in this variable are caused by the independent variable
outcome or response the researcher wants to predict or explain

A

dependent variable

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21
Q

age, sex, income, education

A

demographic variables

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22
Q

can interfere w/ obtaining clear understanding or relational or causal dynamics in study
recognized or unrecognized
controlled or uncontrolled
if it is not recognized before the study starts = confounding variable

A

extraneous variables

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23
Q

uncontrolled variable related to setting

A

environmental variable

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24
Q

process of selecting subjects who are representative of the population

A

sampling

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25
each member has equal chance of being selected for study
random sample
26
members are picked for study because they are available
convenience sample
27
4 types of qualitative research
- phenomenological - grounded theory - ethnographic - history
28
studies the lived experience of participants
phenomenological
29
how people define their reality and how their beliefs are related to action
grounded theory
30
seeks to understand people | -beliefs, life, adapting
ethnographic
31
searches history for generalities
history
32
selecting subject with qualitative studies
selecting goes until saturation of data occurs subjects = "participants" common to be low in number (6-10) snowballing technique is common
33
trial of those involved in Nazi medical experiments lead to....
nuremberg code
34
nuremberg code provided basis for....
declaration of Helsinki
35
declaration of Helsinki came up with 2 types of research....
therapeutic / non therapeutic
36
provides patient with an opportunity to receive an experimental treatment that might have beneficial results
therapeutic
37
conducted to generate knowledge for a discipline | - could benefit patient but probably wont
non therapeutic
38
Nazi Medical Experiments
high altitudes freezing temperatures surgery w/o anesthesia malaria, poison, typhus, untested drgus
39
Tuskegee syphilis study
wanted to see the course of syphilis if left untreated in male African american 10 years = 2x death rate they never gave them treatment or stopped the study
40
willow brook study
mentally handicapped children in Staten Island were injected with hepatitis
41
Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study
live cancer cells were injected to determine rejection response 22 Patients; physicians did not know either once study was found out, they gave them treatment and stopped
42
3 principles identified by the National Commission for Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Health
1- principle of justice 2- principle of beneficence 3- principle of respect for persons
43
components of scientific research
phenomena prediction description explanation
44
Belmont Report
7/12/74 national research act was signed into law created the national commission for protection of human subjects of biomedical. and behavioral science -guidelines that assist in resolving ethical problems
45
institutional review board
committee of at least 5 that examine studies for ethical concerns - exempt: no apparent risks - expedited: minimal risks - complete review: anything else
46
hypothesis
formal statement of expected relationships among variables
47
testable hypothesis
hypothesis is stated WITHOUT "there is no significant difference" testable in the real world variables are measured / manipulated relationship between variables = supported or unsupported
48
translating downward to more concrete level -concepts ->variables ->measurements framework to guide data collection
operationalization
49
provides a variable or concept with theoretical meaning | comes from a theorists definition of the concept
conceptual definition of variable
50
way of defining a variable that makes it measurable so an intervention can be in a study
operational definition of a variable
51
primary literature review
written by the person who did the research
52
secondary literature review
paraphrase work of researchers or theorists
53
PICOT
``` P = population I = intervention c = comparison of interventions o = outcomes / goals t = timing in which study was conducted ```
54
the current major focus of nursing research and will continue to be so
clinical research
55
who began nursing research in the 19th century
florence nightingale
56
why is research important for evidence-based practice
``` improves outcomes for: -patient and family -nurse -health care system identifies best practices that are based on clinical practices and patient values ```
57
rigor in quantitative research
``` striving for excellence precise measurement tools tightly controlled study design logical reasoning is essential precision, accuracy, detail, and order required ```
58
rigor in qualitative research
evaluation of rigor is based on logic of emerging theory and clarity with which it sheds light on phenomenon studied
59
confounding variable
an extra variable that wasn't accounted for can ruin results of experiment can suggest a correlation when there isn' tone its an extraneous variable that was not controlled for
60
coding
a way of indexing or identifying categories in data
61
characteristics of qualitative rigor
openness scrupulous adherence to a philosophical perspective thoroughness in collecting data consideration of all data in subjective theory development phase including triangulating data
62
principle of justice
human subjects should be treated fairly in terms of the benefits and risks of research
63
principle of beneficence
do good and no harm | minimize risks and maximize benefits
64
principle of respect for persons
people should be treated as autonomous agents as they have the right to self determination- they have the right to participate or not
65
protecting human rights
- right to self determination - right to privacy - right to anonymity and confidentiality - right to fair treatment - right to protection from discomfort and harm
66
research problem
area of concern where there is a gap in knowledge needed for practice
67
associative v causal hypothesis
A: relationship between variables C: cause and effect relationship between variables group differences: naturally occurring or researcher controlled
68
nondirectional v directional hypothesis
non: relationship exists between variables but hypothesis does not predict nature of relationship dir: nature of interaction between 2+ variables is stated
69
null v research hypothesis
null: sates there is no difference or relationship between variables research: states what researcher thinks is true / there is a relationship between 2+ variables

Patho 1 (4 decks)

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