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Patho 1 > Research Midterm > Flashcards

Research Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly / indirectly influences nursing practice

A

Nursing Research

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2
Q

numerical data used to obtain info about the world

A

Quantitative Research

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3
Q

systematic subjective approach used to describe phenomenon and life experiences while providing meaning
-guided by philosophical stance

A

qualitative research

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4
Q

evidence-based practice

A

integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values and needs in delivery of high quality and cost effective care

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5
Q

ID, select critically appraise, and synthesize research evidence to address a problem or questions

A

systematic review

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6
Q

pooling of results from several previous studies using statistical analysis to determine effect of intervention or strength of relationship

A

meta analysis

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7
Q

synthesis of quantitative, qualitative and outcomes; provides direction for future
- narrative analysis

A

integrative review

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8
Q

summation of findings across qualitative studies listing common elements in standard format

A

meta summary

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9
Q

systematic compilation / integration of qualitative studies to expand understanding and develop unique interpretation of the findings

A

meta synthesis

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10
Q

comprehensive summary of previous research

A

literature review

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11
Q

focus = nursing research
teach / serve university
Tenure track: expected to establish strong program of publishing and research

A

PHD

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12
Q

focus = nursing practice
clinical track candidate: teach and its related scholarly work; service to the university in the faculty members professional field

A

DNP

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13
Q

4 Types of quantitative research

A
  • experimental
  • quasi experimental
  • correlational
  • descriptive
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14
Q 
most controlled
at least 1 variable manipulated
cause / effect
I / D variables 
experimental / control grou
random sampling / assignment
A

experimental quantitative

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15
Q

cause / effect
not all variable can be controlled
samples are NOT random
control group is normally give “standard of care” rather than no care at all

A

Quasi experimental

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16
Q

looks at relationships between variables; NO cause / effect

determines strength of relationship

A

correlational

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17
Q

least controlled
exploration / description of phenomenon in real life situations
new meanings are discovered
expressed: %, #, eman, mode, range

A

descriptive

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18
Q

qualities, properties, or characteristics of people, things, or situations that are manipulated or measured

A

variables

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19
Q

stimulus or activity manipulated by research to cause an effect on there other variable
it does not change

A

independent variable

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20
Q

changes in this variable are caused by the independent variable
outcome or response the researcher wants to predict or explain

A

dependent variable

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21
Q

age, sex, income, education

A

demographic variables

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22
Q

can interfere w/ obtaining clear understanding or relational or causal dynamics in study
recognized or unrecognized
controlled or uncontrolled
if it is not recognized before the study starts = confounding variable

A

extraneous variables

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23
Q

uncontrolled variable related to setting

A

environmental variable

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24
Q

process of selecting subjects who are representative of the population

A

sampling

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25
Q

each member has equal chance of being selected for study

A

random sample

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26
Q

members are picked for study because they are available

A

convenience sample

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27
Q

4 types of qualitative research

A
  • phenomenological
  • grounded theory
  • ethnographic
  • history
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28
Q

studies the lived experience of participants

A

phenomenological

29
Q

how people define their reality and how their beliefs are related to action

A

grounded theory

30
Q

seeks to understand people

-beliefs, life, adapting

A

ethnographic

31
Q

searches history for generalities

A

history

32
Q

selecting subject with qualitative studies

A

selecting goes until saturation of data occurs
subjects = “participants”
common to be low in number (6-10)
snowballing technique is common

33
Q

trial of those involved in Nazi medical experiments lead to….

A

nuremberg code

34
Q

nuremberg code provided basis for….

A

declaration of Helsinki

35
Q

declaration of Helsinki came up with 2 types of research….

A

therapeutic / non therapeutic

36
Q

provides patient with an opportunity to receive an experimental treatment that might have beneficial results

A

therapeutic

37
Q

conducted to generate knowledge for a discipline

- could benefit patient but probably wont

A

non therapeutic

38
Q

Nazi Medical Experiments

A

high altitudes
freezing temperatures
surgery w/o anesthesia
malaria, poison, typhus, untested drgus

39
Q

Tuskegee syphilis study

A

wanted to see the course of syphilis if left untreated in male African american
10 years = 2x death rate
they never gave them treatment or stopped the study

40
Q

willow brook study

A

mentally handicapped children in Staten Island were injected with hepatitis

41
Q

Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study

A

live cancer cells were injected to determine rejection response
22 Patients; physicians did not know either
once study was found out, they gave them treatment and stopped

42
Q

3 principles identified by the National Commission for Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Health

A

1- principle of justice
2- principle of beneficence
3- principle of respect for persons

43
Q

components of scientific research

A

phenomena
prediction
description
explanation

44
Q

Belmont Report

A

7/12/74
national research act was signed into law
created the national commission for protection of human subjects of biomedical. and behavioral science
-guidelines that assist in resolving ethical problems

45
Q

institutional review board

A

committee of at least 5 that examine studies for ethical concerns

  • exempt: no apparent risks
  • expedited: minimal risks
  • complete review: anything else
46
Q

hypothesis

A

formal statement of expected relationships among variables

47
Q

testable hypothesis

A

hypothesis is stated WITHOUT “there is no significant difference”
testable in the real world
variables are measured / manipulated
relationship between variables = supported or unsupported

48
Q

translating downward to more concrete level
-concepts ->variables ->measurements
framework to guide data collection

A

operationalization

49
Q

provides a variable or concept with theoretical meaning

comes from a theorists definition of the concept

A

conceptual definition of variable

50
Q

way of defining a variable that makes it measurable so an intervention can be in a study

A

operational definition of a variable

51
Q

primary literature review

A

written by the person who did the research

52
Q

secondary literature review

A

paraphrase work of researchers or theorists

53
Q

PICOT

A 
P = population
I = intervention
c = comparison of interventions 
o = outcomes / goals
t = timing in which study was conducted
54
Q

the current major focus of nursing research and will continue to be so

A

clinical research

55
Q

who began nursing research in the 19th century

A

florence nightingale

56
Q

why is research important for evidence-based practice

A 
improves outcomes for:
-patient and family
-nurse
-health care system
identifies best practices that are based on clinical practices and patient values
57
Q

rigor in quantitative research

A 
striving for excellence
precise measurement tools
tightly controlled study design
logical reasoning is essential
precision, accuracy, detail, and order required
58
Q

rigor in qualitative research

A

evaluation of rigor is based on logic of emerging theory and clarity with which it sheds light on phenomenon studied

59
Q

confounding variable

A

an extra variable that wasn’t accounted for
can ruin results of experiment
can suggest a correlation when there isn’ tone
its an extraneous variable that was not controlled for

60
Q

coding

A

a way of indexing or identifying categories in data

61
Q

characteristics of qualitative rigor

A

openness
scrupulous adherence to a philosophical perspective
thoroughness in collecting data
consideration of all data in subjective theory development phase including triangulating data

62
Q

principle of justice

A

human subjects should be treated fairly in terms of the benefits and risks of research

63
Q

principle of beneficence

A

do good and no harm

minimize risks and maximize benefits

64
Q

principle of respect for persons

A

people should be treated as autonomous agents as they have the right to self determination- they have the right to participate or not

65
Q

protecting human rights

A
  • right to self determination
  • right to privacy
  • right to anonymity and confidentiality
  • right to fair treatment
  • right to protection from discomfort and harm
66
Q

research problem

A

area of concern where there is a gap in knowledge needed for practice

67
Q

associative v causal hypothesis

A

A: relationship between variables
C: cause and effect relationship between variables
group differences: naturally occurring or researcher controlled

68
Q

nondirectional v directional hypothesis

A

non: relationship exists between variables but hypothesis does not predict nature of relationship
dir: nature of interaction between 2+ variables is stated

69
Q

null v research hypothesis

A

null: sates there is no difference or relationship between variables
research: states what researcher thinks is true / there is a relationship between 2+ variables

Patho 1 (4 decks)

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