research methods + intelligence Flashcards
what are ethics?
a set of moral principles
what are the 5 ethics used?
- informed consent
- confidentiality
- voluntary parts
- debriefing
- protect from harm
what is a hypothesis?
- short, testable statement that explains an observed phenomenon.
- Independent and Dependent variables included.
what is an operational hypothesis?
- Hypothesis in extreme detail (Includes IV, DV, participants/population, result measured by)
what is a directional/one-tailed hypothesis?
specific
what is a non-directional/two-tailed hypothesis?
not specific
what is an independent variable?
variable that is CHANGED by experimenter to determine impact on another variable
what is the dependent variable?
MEASURED variable in response to changes in other variables
what is the experiemental group?
- Tested and provided with the independent variable
what is the control group?
- Not exposed to independent variable
- Used to compare against experimental group
what is reliability?
- How consistently it measures something
- Repeatable
what is reliability?
- How consistently it measures something
- Repeatable
how can we ensure reliability?
- Split half method = results split in half but still yield similar results.
- Test-retest method = do it more than once and compare results
what is validity?
- Measures what it intends to measure
- How valid the test is
how do you ensure validity?
- Face = does it look its measuring the correct thing
2. Construct = is everything included related to the theory being assessed
what is the population?
the whole group of interest to the researcher, including every individual member
what is the population?
the whole group of interest to the researcher, including every individual member
what is the sample population?
the smaller subgroup of the population that has been selected to participate in the research
what is random sampling?
A sampling technique ensuring every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. (e.g. the lottery)
what is stratfied random sampling?
a sampling technique ensuring that the sample includes all relevant subgroups of the population in the appropriate proportions with each participant in each subgroup being randomly selected
what is probability sampling?
- every member of the target population must have an equal chance of being selected
- random sampling
- stratified random sampling
what is non probability sampling?
- participants who are readily available are recruited
- Convenience Sampling
- Stratified Sampling
what is convenience sampling?
- Obtaining a sample by recruiting participants who are readily available
what is stratified sampling?
- Obtaining a sample by selecting subgroups in the proportions that they occur in the population from participants who are readily available
what do random errors arise from?
- Uneven mix of participants
- Failure to identify the target population
- Non-response bias
- Respondent bias
- Interviewer bias
how do we reduce random error in an experiment?
- Using an up-to-date and accurate sampling frame
- Careful selection of the time the survey is conducted
- Planning for the follow up of non-respondents
what are systematic errors?
Caused by the design of your experiment
- Arise because data has been collected from a part, rather than the whole of the population
what are random errors?
Chance fluctuations
what is quantitative data?
- Data collected through systematic and controlled methodology; in numerical format
- Can be collected in questionnaires, interviews or experiments
what is qualititve data?
- Data collected in written format. It refers to descriptions of the characteristics of what is being studied.
what are the advantages and disadvatages of quantitative data?
- Advantage = Allows for hypotheses to be tested and compared easily
- Disadvantage = Limits participants to say what they really feel
what is qualitative research and its strength and weaknesses?
- Gathers information that is not in numerical
Strengths
- Generates ides for further research
- Describe information lost in quantitative research
Weaknesses
- It is harder to analyse as it requires an accurate description of participant’s responses
- Expert knowledge is necessary to try interpret qualitative data
what are non-experiemental research methods?
- case studies
- archival research
- correlational studies
- surveys
what are case studies?
in depth, direct behavioural observation of a single person or a group
what are the advantages and disadvantages of case studies?
Advantages
- Allows a lot of detail to be collected that would not normally be easily obtained by other research designs
- Within the case study, scientific research can be conducted
Disadvantages
- Data collected cannot be generalised to the wider population
- Very difficult to draw cause/effect from case studies
- Collects mainly qualitative- very lengthy to analyse
what are the advantages and disadvantages of archival research?
Advantages
- Cheaper- data is already there
- Allows large scale representative
Disadvantages
- Takes time to find data and obtain permission to use
- Requires incredibly good knowledge and literary skills
what are the advantages and disadvantages of correlational studies?
Advantages
- No manipulation of behaviour is required
- If correlation is signified, further investigation is justified
Disadvantages
- No direct cause/effect can be inferred
- Experiments may lack validity
what are the advantages and disadvantages of surveys?
Advantages
- High representatives
- Low costs
- Convenient data gathering
Disadvantages
- Inflexible design
- Not ideal for controversial issues
- Possible inappropriate use of questions
what is archival research?
- Data that has been previously used/ collected by others
- Systematic- can look at large samples
- Can be in form of private/ public documents, mass media
what are correlational studies?
- Making a suggestion that a relationship exists between variables
- Can’t prove when one variable causes a change to the other
what are surveys?
- Involves selecting a sample and using a predetermined set of questions
- Methods- mail, personal interviews, telephone interviews
define intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, apply knowledge to solve problems, and adapt and survive in different environments (social and geographical)
what did Francis Galton do?
- Believed it could be measured by simple tests
- First systematic and scientific attempt to both understand and measure human intelligence
- originated from darwin theory of evolution
what did Charles spearman do?
- Believed that there were two factors that made up intelligence
“g”: general intelligence
= performance on any test of mental ability was based on a single general ability factor
= general reasoning ability, more than just content and facts
“s”: specific intelligence
= special ability for a given task
define general intelligence?
an ability that showed itself in different ways depending on one’s environment
what did binet and simon do?
- Developed questions that would predict a child’s future progress in the Paris school system
what did lewis terman do?
- Adapted Simon-Binet scale and used it in the USA
what did howard gardner do?
- Developed the theory of multiple intelligences
- Believed individuals have the potential to develop a combination of 8 separate intelligences
- IQ tests were too limited, people process a number of intellectual potentials
what did Goleman do?
- Noticed IQ tests failed to assess the ability to recognise and regulate one’s own emotions and read and respond to those of others
- emotional intelligence
define emotional intelligence
- Ability to monitor one’s own and others feelings and emotion , to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and emotions
what is mental age?
refers to the level of mental functioning in a child
what was the orignal IQ equation?
IQ = (Mental age/ chronological age) x 100
what are the 9 multiple intelligences?
- linguistic
- logical mathematical
- musical
- bodily kinaesthetic
- visual spatial
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- naturalistic
- exstential
what are the advantages to group testing?
- Less time consuming because many examinees can be assessed at one sitting
- Usually quicker to mark
what are the advantages to individual testing?
- more detailed information
- may involve verbal responses
- the use of tactile objects such as blocks to test different aspects of intelligence
what are the disadvantages of group testing?
- Assessment is less personal and there are likely to aspects of an examinees ability that may go undetected
- Tests are often computer scored and individual errors may go unnoticed
what are the disadvantages of individual testing?
- Time consuming
- Expensive to administer
- IQ tests tend to ‘classify’ examinees
what are the physiological responses indicating different states of conciousness?
- galvic skin response
- body temperature
- heart rate
- electrical activity of the brain
what is galvic skin response?
- Used as an indicator of alteration in an individual’s state of consciousness
- High levels of arousal = increase sweat production
- Sweat contains salt which conducts electricity
what is body temp?
- Shifts with changes in consciousness
- During sleep = temp drops
what is heart rate?
- Slows when asleep
- Fasten when raised by the use of stimulants at lead to altered states of consciousness
what is electrical activity of the brain?
- Higher frequency = faster brain waves move = more brain waves per unit of time
What happens during stage 1 of NREM sleep?
- Gradually lose awareness
- drift in and out of sleep
- mix of alpha and beta waves
What happens during stage 2 of NREM sleep?
Blood pressure and temperature decrease
- heart rate slows
- breathing becomes regular
- mainly theta waves
What happens during stage 3 of NREM sleep?
- start of deep sleep
- more relaxed and less responsive to outside world
- breathing continues to slow and steady
heart rate, blood pressure - temperature decrease
- mainly delta waves
what happens during stage 4 of NREM sleep?
- deepest sleep
- similar physiological patterns to stage 3
- bodies barely move
- mainly delta waves
what happens during REM sleep?
- most vivid dreams occur
- Rapid eye movements
- beta waves
- muscle movement suppressed
what do alpha waves mean?
- awake but relaxed state
- 8-12 hz
what do beta waves mean?
- Bloody aroused
- when a person is alert, awake and active
- 13-24 hz
what do delta waves mean?
- deep sleep
- <4 hz
what do theta waves mean?
- early stages of sleep
- 4-7 hz
