personality and social psychology Flashcards
what is a group?
two or more people who interact with and influence each other for more than a few moments.
what are social norms?
standards that govern what is expected in society and social situations
what are social roles?
activities taken on by individuals for the benefit of the group.
what is social status?
the level of prestige or importance of a person within a group
what is social identity?
part of our self-concept that is based on our membership in particular groups
what is cooperation in a group environment?
working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit. It is the behaviour in which groups work together to attain shared goals.
what are the advantages of cooperation?
- helps reach goals
- More likely to produce a ‘win’
- each member receives appropriate share of rewards or benefits
- Cohesiveness can boost productivity
what is competition?
takes place when people strive to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others who are trying to do the same thing.
what does competition do?
- within groups reduces group cohesion
- between groups increases group unity
what is deindividualization?
abandoning the usual restraints of an individual to join in crowds or group behaviour
describe the characteristics of deindividualization?
- Loss of self-identity
- Large groups = more deindividuation
- Anonymous = whether the individuals can be identified or not
- Accountability = low = more deindividuation
- Follow groups norms
- Behave in a way you wouldn’t normally
define social loafing
a reduction in motivation and effort when individuals work in a group, compared to when they work individually
define brainstorming
a problem-solving strategy in which ideas are generated spontaneously, usually in a group setting, without any immediate critical judgment about their potential value
define group size
amount of members in that group impacts the cohesion of the group
what is the realistic conflict theory?
states that whenever there are two or more groups that are seeking the same limited resources, this will lead to conflict, negative stereotypes and beliefs, and discrimination between the groups.
what is the social identity theory?
describes what motivates us to join groups
what is the social identity theory?
describes what motivates us to join groups
what is the social identity theory?
describes what motivates us to join groups
define personality
the characteristic ways of thinking, feeling and acting that make a person an individual
what did freud consider personality to be?
considered personality develops from our efforts to resolve the conflict between our primitive, pleasure-seeking, biological urges and our internalized, socialized reactions to these
define schema
an idea or understanding about what something is and how to deal with it
what are self report personality tests?
personality inventories
- questionnaires designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once,
- generally measured against a Likert-type scale or items with multiple-choice answers.
what is ego?
the conscious part of personality that constructs defense mechanisms to deal with the anxiety created by the conflict between the id and superego
- the ‘reality principle’
what are strengths of the psychodynamic approach?
- accounts for the impact of childhood on adult personality
- Explores the innate drives that motivate our behavior
- accounts for both sides of the nature / nurture debate
what are self actualization needs?
- realizing personal potential, self fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences
“DESIRE TO BECOME EVERYTHING ONE IS CAPABLE OF BECOMING”
describe cognitive development
involves changes in abilities such as thinking and reasoning, memory, attention, imagination and language
what are growth needs?
arise as a desire to grow as an individual
what are cardinal traits?
- core traits that are regarded as basic building blocks for personalitiy development
what is neuroticism?
- determined by the reactivity of their sympathetic nervous system?
- stable = less reactive to stressful situations, remaining calm
- high in neuroticism = unstable, overreact to sstimuli and quick to worry
what are central traits?
building blocks of personalitiy more commonly recognised
what are the two dimensions of did Eysenck believe represented behviour?
= Introversion / Extroversion (E)
= Neuroticism / Stability (N)
describe physical development
- covers changes in size, proportion, appearance, motor skills and coordination
what are physiological needs?
These are biological requirements for
human survival, eg air, food, drink, clothing, warmth
what is the trait approach to personality?
- assumes behaviour is determined by relatively stable traits which are fundamental units of one’s personality
what are three things personality consists of?
id, ego, superego
what are love and belongingness needs?
- need for interpersonal relationships
- social
- motivates behavior
what are introverts?
- preference for LESS stimulating environments
- quiet and reserved
- plan their actions and control their emotions
- Serious, reliable and pessimistic
what is an ecample of the personality inventory?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
- originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
- Series of questions or statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they
apply to them or not
define regression
to return to an earlier and safer stage of development
what are the 5 needs in maslows hierarchy?
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- love and belongingness needs
- esteem needs
- self-actualization needs
describe social development
refers to changes in relationships and interactions with other people
define sensorimotor stage
- first stage of child’s life
- learn by using their senses that interact with their surroundings
define pre-operational stage
- second stage in Piaget’s theory
- children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols
define pre-operational stage
- second stage in Piaget’s theory
- children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols
what did esysenck do?
- proposed a theory of personality based on biological factors
- saying that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment.
define accommodation
changing our schemas to include new experiences and information that cannot fit into existing schemas
what methods are used by the psychodynamic approach?
- free associations
- dream analysis
- word association
- projective tests
define repression
putting threatening thoughts out of consciousness
define assimilation
a process by which individuals include new experiences and information in their current schemas
