Research Methods Chapter 4 And 12 (Factorial Design)

Question 1

Explain factorial design

Answer 1

They cross two or more independent variables which results in different possible combinations

They can by that describe multiple influences on behaviour, and can show for example if one type of manipulation of an independent variable has different effects on different type of people

Question 2

Explain main effects and interaction effects

Answer 2

The main effect is the average of each condition

The interaction effect is the difference in each condition. If it exists it is more important than a main effect

If the lines in a graph are not parallel, there is an interaction effect

Question 3

Explain the 5 within group issues

Answer 3

1. Weak manipulation (not strong enough manipulation) (–> use stronger effect and manipulation check)
2. Measurement issues (insensitive measurement/ceiling effect/floor effect) (–> more sensitive measurements)
3. Individual differences (variation in groups) (–> within group design or more subjects)
4. Situation noise (distraction etc) (–> control as mich as possible and randomize)
5. Measurement error (unreliable instrument) (–> more reliable instruments and more items/participants)

Question 4

Explain a crossover and a spreading interaction

Answer 4

A crossover interaction is a interaction where the lines in each condition cross over, so “it depends” on the condition

A spreading interaction is when the lines spread apart, which means “only when”

Question 5

Explain a crossover and a spreading interaction

Answer 5

A crossover interaction is a interaction where the lines in each condition cross over, so “it depends” on the condition

A spreading interaction is when the lines spread apart, which means “only when”

Question 6

What does it mean that independent variables are crossed in factorial designs

Answer 6

Each condition is tested in each condition, which means the independent variables and conditions are multiplied

Question 7

Explain a three way interaction

Answer 7

A three way interaction exists when there is difference between the two two way interactions.
It can only exist if there are 3 independent variables

Question 8

Explain the belmont report three main principles for ethics in research

Answer 8

1. Respect (informed consent, protection of special groups)
2. Beneficence (Evaluation of risks and benefits)
3. Justice (fair selection and benefits for subjects in harder conditions)

Question 9

Explain the APAs five general principles for research

Answer 9

3 Belmont report principles

4. Fidelity and responsibility (relationship of trust)
5. Integrity (accuracy and honesty)

Question 10

Explain 6 of APAs ethical standard 8

Answer 10

1. Institutional review board (committee of control and ethics)
2. Informed consent
3. Deception
4. Debriefing
5. Research misconduct (no data fabrication or data falsification)
6. Animal research (as few animals as possible and as less harm as possible)

Question 11

What is a null effect

Answer 11

When the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable.

This can be reviewed by looking at possible obscuring factors

Question 12

Explain the two categories of obscuring factors

Answer 12

1. Not enough between groups difference (weak manipulation, insensitive measures, ceiling and floor effects)
2. Too much within group variablility

Question 13

Explain the two categories of obscuring factors

Answer 13

1. Not enough between groups difference (weak manipulation, insensitive measures, ceiling and floor effects)
2. Too much within group variablility (measurement error, individual differences, situation noise)
   - -> better measurement, large samples and more control