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Psychology A Level > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

prediction!

  • Null = no difference
  • Directional = positive/ negative change
  • Non-directional = no previous research, so states difference but not the way it goes
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2
Q

IV

A

variable manipulated

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3
Q

DV

A

variable measured

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4
Q

CV

A

something other than the IV influencing the DV, varies along with the IV

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5
Q

EV

A

need to control these, affect the DV, becomes a CV when it varies along with factors interested in

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6
Q

Operationalisation

A

defining variables

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7
Q

Independent measures design

A

a separate group of Ps per condition of the study
:) - no order effects, no fatigue
:( - 2x as many people, individual differences

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8
Q

Repeated measures design

A

the same group of Ps to each condition of study
:) - no individual differences, fewer people, can be counterbalanced
:( - order effects, demand characteristics, fatigue

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9
Q

Matched pairs design

A

separate groups per condition of study, pairs matched on certain characteristics, like age, gender, IQ
:) - controls order effects, reduces individual differences
:(- takes more time n effect, still a chance of individual differences

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10
Q

Random sampling!

A

all members of target pop have an equal chance of being selected, like names in a hat
:) - most representative
:( - still not fully representative, time consuming, miss people, some may refuse to take part

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11
Q

Opportunity sample

A

use Ps available e.g. psychology class
:) - easy, less expensive, less time consuming
:( - very unrepresentative, sample bias

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12
Q

Volunteer sample

A

adverts. those who reply are in!
:) - reaches target populations
:( - volunteer bias = sample bias, those who want to take part may have similar characteristics

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13
Q

Systematic sample

A

choose every nth (e.g. every 3rd) member of target POP.
:) - no chance of researcher bias
:( - still possible to be unrepresentative

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14
Q

Stratified sample

A

use groups representative of target pop e.g. if target pop has 70% males and 30% females use this percentage.
:) - avoids researcher bias, very representative
:( - sample cant reflect all the ways people differ, we are complex and different

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15
Q

Lab experiment

A

controlled environment, IV manipulated by experimenter
:) - internal validity
:( - artificial, external validity

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16
Q

Field experiment

A

IV manipulated by experimenter, natural environment
:) - better external validity
:( - poorer internal validity, loss of control, EVs

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17
Q

Natural experiment

A

where IV naturally occurs
:) - high external validity, allows study of topics that are hard to control
:( - no random allocation = confounding variables , cant be replicated - low reliability

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18
Q

Quasi experiment

A

contain a naturally occurring IV the researcher examines the effects of on DV in controlled conditions
:) - high internal validity
:( - confounding variables, no random allocation

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19
Q

Primary data

A

first hand! specific to aim of study BUT harder to obtain

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20
Q

Secondary data

A

pre-existing, not specific to aim of study

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21
Q

Qualitative data

A

non- numerical
rich and detailed
harder to compare

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22
Q

Quantitative data

A

numerical
easy to compare
lacks detail

23
Q

evaluate measures of central tendency

A

Median + mode- unaffected by outliers but dont take all scores into account
Mean- looks at all scores, affected by extreme scores

24
Q

Range

A

largest- smallest
easy to calculate
influenced by extreme scores

25
Q

SD

A

standard deviation - average distance from mean. the measure of dispersion of a set of data from its mean.

  • takes all scores into account
  • harder to calculate
26
Q

Peer review

A

Research checked by other experts
:) - check quality of research,can make amendments, those with more good peer review likely to review funding for future research
:( - anonymity, publication bias (only significant research published) , new research

27
Q

consent

A

-Ps must agree to take part in the study

HOW TO DEAL W IT: gain consent, debrief (confirm true aims of study) 
Presumptive consent (ask group similar)
28
Q

Right to withdraw

A

-Ps must be allowed to leave at any time

HOW TO DEAL W IT: Debrief: allow Ps to remove data, even after the study

29
Q

Deception

A

Ps should not be lied to

HOW TO DEAL W IT: debriefing

30
Q

Confidentiality

A

Info should be kept private

-Do not publish names, addresses, pictures

31
Q

Protection from harm

A

both psychological and physical

  • offer sources of help
  • remind them of right to withdraw
32
Q

controlled observation

A

control over environment
:) - internal validity, control
:( - mundane realism, external validity

33
Q

naturalistic observation

A

real world setting
:) - external/ ecological validity
:( - lack of replicability, poor control

34
Q

participant observation

A

researcher gets involved e.g zimbardo as prison warden
:) - rich detail
:( - experimenter effects/ subjectivity

35
Q

covert observation

A

undercover
:) - realistic behaviour
:( - poorer ethics

36
Q

overt observation

A

out in the open
:) - more ethical
:( - demand characteristics

37
Q

structured observation

A

a set method
:) - quantitative, easier to record / analyse data, can replicate
:( - external validity

38
Q

Unstructured observation

A

natural e.g. park
:) - qualitative, richer detail
:( - observer bias

39
Q

Behavioural categories

A

:) - objective

:( - hard to include all behaviours and distinguish between them

40
Q

event sampling

A

recording particular behaviour
:) - if event is infrequent
:( - hard for complex events

41
Q

time sampling

A

record particular time periods
:) - fewer observations
:( - unrepresentative

42
Q

structured interview

A

:) - easy to replicate

:( - not flexible

43
Q

unstructured interview

A

:) - can be flexible

:( - hard to replicate and compare, social desirability bias

44
Q

questionnaire

A

pre-set written Qs
:) - easy to compare, quick
:( - social desirability bias

45
Q

open self- report

A

:) - qualitative, rich detail

:( - hard to compare

46
Q

closed self report

A

:) - quantitative, statistical analysis, replicable

:( - can’t expand

47
Q

Correlations

A

Coefficient- strength & direction of a correlation
-1 to 1
closer to -1 or 1 = stronger negative/ positive C

48
Q

scatter graph

A

for correlations, plotted points

49
Q

evaluate correlations

A

:) - quick & economical, can lead to other research

:( - no cause & effect, third variables ignored

50
Q

pilot study

A

small scale version of full study, test if it is good - wont waste money in real thing

51
Q

bar chart

A

separate bars, discrete data

52
Q

histogram

A

bars touch, continuous data

53
Q

double blind trial

A

removes investigator effects

Ps and experimenter dont know the aim of the study

Psychology A Level (7 decks)

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