research methods

Question 1

naturalistic observation

Answer 1

viewing people in their natural environments
only able to record visible behaviours
observation bias- being watched may change behaviours
experimenter bias-observer records what they want to see
confounds

Question 2

survey

Answer 2

convenient

social desirability bias- lie to look good

Question 3

systematic observation

Answer 3

collection of behaviours in controlled tasks ex. implicit association test
high internal validity but low external validity

Question 4

archival data

Answer 4

using available records

collect data quickly

Question 5

experience sampling

Answer 5

longitudinal, participants report over time

Question 6

correlation research design

Answer 6

examines relationship among multiple variables

does not address causality

Question 7

longitudinal

Answer 7

tracking participants for extended period

addresses causality and direction

Question 8

experimental design

Answer 8

manipulate at least one variable to cause effect on another
control group and experimental group
random assignment

Question 9

between subjects

Answer 9

each participant experiences only one level of independent variable

Question 10

within subjects

Answer 10

each participant experiences all levels of the variable

counterbalancing

Question 11

quasi experimental

Answer 11

matched groups rather than random assignment

Question 12

cover story

Answer 12

pro: behaviour will be more natural
con: more work to pass through ethics, debrief, people hearing about what the study is actually about

Question 13

Nominal/categorical

Answer 13

ex. male, female

Question 14

ordinal

Answer 14

ex. letters, rank

Question 15

interval

Answer 15

temperature, year, iq

Question 16

ratio

Answer 16

weight, # of clients

Question 17

internal consistency reliability

Answer 17

consistency across questions

Question 18

parallel forms reliability

Answer 18

consistency across forms of a test (splitting items into two tests)

Question 19

average inter item correlation

Answer 19

how correlated are the questions with eachother on average (correlate every single item with every single other item)

Question 20

average item total correlation

Answer 20

how correlated are the items with the total on average (average totals)

Question 21

split half reliability

Answer 21

if you randomly split the items into two sets, how correlated are they

Question 22

cronbach’s alpha

Answer 22

what is the average of all possible split half correlations

Question 23

measurement error

Answer 23

when measurement isnt consistent

Question 24

classic test theory

Answer 24

our observed score is a combination of the true score and error

Question 25

content sampling error

Answer 25

difference between sample of items and all possible items

Question 26

largest source of measuring error

Answer 26

content sampling error

Question 27

best way to estimate content sampling error

Answer 27

internal and parallel forms consistency

Question 28

time sampling error

Answer 28

reflects random fluctuations in performance over time

Question 29

best way to estimate time sampling error

Answer 29

test retest