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1
Q

social psychology

A

scientific study of how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are shaped by the real or imagined presence of others” and other environmental cues.

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2
Q

social psychology includes content from other fields such as

A
  • abnormal psychology
  • developmental psychology
  • personality psychology
  • sociology
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3
Q

social psychology includes methods from other fields such as

A
  • philosophy
  • cognitive psychology
  • neuropsychology
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4
Q

ways to measure dependent variable

A

observation
survey
behavioural measure (ex hot sauce)
physiological measure (ex fmri)

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5
Q

internal validity

A

nothing other other than x can affect y

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6
Q

external validity

A

the extent to which results can be generalized

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7
Q

experimental realism

A

situation is realistic to participant

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8
Q

mundane realism

A

similar to event likely to occur outside of lab

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9
Q

measurement validity

A

y really measures what its trying to measure

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10
Q

insufficient power

A

sample size, power generally set at 80%

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11
Q

solutions to replicability crisis

A

replications
open data and methods
preregistration

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12
Q

limits of introspection

A

emotion
attitude
we make up reasons for our own behaviour

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13
Q

looking glass self

A

belief about how others would view our behaviour shape our feelings about that behaviour

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14
Q

social comparison

A

downwards: compare with someone worse than self
upwards: compare with someone better than self

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15
Q

self perception theory

A

when feelings are ambiguous we infer states by observing behaviour and situation (ex. i must love stephen king because i read alot of his books)

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16
Q

working self concept is influenced by

A

optimal distinctiveness (ex. being a woman in a room full of men)

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17
Q

functions of the self

A 
organization
-self schema
controlling
-guide actions
-long term planning
emotion
-determine emotional responses
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18
Q

self discrepancy theory

A

actual/ought/ideal
ideal associated with dejection
ought associated with agitation

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19
Q

social comparison affect on self esteem

A

downwards: increases
upwards: decreases

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20
Q

temporal comparison and self esteem

A

recall past as worse than it was

feel closer to successful past selves than unsuccessful ones

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21
Q

social identity and self esteem

A

prefer to associate with positive successful groups

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22
Q

self serving bias

A

good things have internal causes
bad things have external causes
Pro: preserve positive self view
Con: avoid taking responsibility

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23
Q

illusion of superiority

A

most people think that they’re above average
well like in short term not long run
inability to recognize own incompetence

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24
Q

unrealistic optimism

A

cons: illusion of invulnerability

risk taking

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25
schemas
structures used to organize knowledge about the world
26
kinds of schemas
objects psychological person events/scripts
27
function of schemas
``` efficiency predictability processing ambiguous information attention memory ```
28
cognitive confirmation bias
processing information about people in a way that confirms or support the schema, stereotypes
29
biased hypothesis testing
asking questions that will probably get a negative response
30
availability heuristic
how easily accessible memories are
31
representativeness heuristic
classify something by how similar it is to a typical case
32
anchor heuristic
comparison standard biases the estimate
33
james-lang theory of emotions
emotions occur as result of physiological reactions to event ex. facial feedback hypothesis
34
schachter singer theory of emotion
emotional is based off physiological arousal and appraisal ex. misattribution of arousal
35
primary emotions
joy, pleasure, surprise | fright, pain, sadness
36
secondary emotions
happiness, admiration, hope | indignation, melancholy, contempt
37
universal emotions
SADFISH | sadness,anger,disgust,fear, interest,surprise,happiness
38
mehrabhian formula of emotion
55% facial expression>38% tone of voice>7% content
39
functions of emotion
belongingness communicate social information motivate behaviour (yeke dodson's law/arousal) guide choices
40
ABC
Affect (feelings) Behaviour (Actions) Cognition (Thoughts)
41
self report measures
``` single item scales likert scales (agree to disagree) semantic differential (opposites on each side) ```
42
physiological measures
``` Galvanic skin response (skin conductance) facial electromyograph (muscle activity) ```
43
implicit measure
word completion stroop test implicit association
44
moderators of attitude and behaviour
other situational influences how specifically attitude is measured how strong attitude is how much a person adapts to situational circumstances
45
principle of aggregation
a set of multiple measurements is a better estimator than any single measurement
46
insufficient justification
1$ is not a good excuse to lie
47
overjustification
I only play with this toy because I get a reward
48
ways to reduce cognitive dissonance
change behaviour/attitudes acquire new information minimize importance avoidance
49
fundamental attribution error
tendency to overestimate how much someones behaviour is caused by internal factors
50
Salience bias
tendency to focus on things that are in our field of attention
51
cultural norms and fae
collectivist cultures focus on external more | individualist cultures focus on internal
52
central route of communication
Systematic processing | ability to pay attention
53
a social psychologist is usually interested in studying the
individual
54
according to self awareness theory a self aware state is
unpleasant
55
depress people _ how favorably people regard them
estimste accurately
56
Downward vs upward counterfactual
Downward:could have been worse Upward:could have been better
57
people make fewer cognitive errors when they are thinking about
very serious matters
58
Difference between social psychology and developmental
social: all age groups developmental: specific age groups
59
difference between social psychology and personality
social: situation personality: person
60
how many studies were replicated exactly
1/3
61
consequences of self awareness
influenced by internal | self consciousness
62
does schema affect encoding or decoding
both Encoding: Donald story Decoding:burglar/homebuyer story
63
Group
3 or more people working towards a common goal
64
Social facilitation
Presence of others causes arousal which makes it easier to complete the dominant response
65
Social loafing
Doing worse on simple tasks and better on complex tasks when with others and individual performance can’t be evaluated
66
Commons dilemma
Shared resources are not used optimally
67
Deindividuation
Listening of normal social norms can lead to deviant acts Masks Anonymity Groups
68
Polarization
Discussion leads to more extreme views
69
Reduce groupthink
Be impartial Get advice from outside Create subgroups Anonymous
70
Wisdom of crowd
Average of guesses will be accurate
71
Brainstorming
Lower quality and quantity of ideas but rated more positively and creative
72
Transactive memory
Groups are effective if tasks are split among members
73
Foolish committees
When unique information isn’t shared
74
Traits of successful ceos
Modesty Persistence Decisiveness
75
Traits of incompetent leader
Poor team building | Poor interpersonal
76
5 bases of power
``` Legitimate-right to make demands Reward-compensation Coercive-punishment for noncompliance Expert-superior skills and knowledge Referent-worthiness and right to respect ```
77
Advantages of power
Abstract thought Goal orientation Less influences
78
Disadvantages of power
Automatic thinking Lying Overconfidence Biased predictions
79
Measuring social exclusion in lab
``` Recall Imagine Diagnosis Confederates deject Cybervall ```
80
Results of ostracism
Anger Sadness Numbness
81
When ostracism is okay
``` Computers Strangers Cyberball Unlikeable groups Hypothetical ```
82
Reasons for exclusion
Aggressive Withdrawn Different
83
2D>4D
Low testosterone
84
Sternbergs triangular theory of live
Intimacy commitment Passion
85
Hormones and love
Adrenaline Dopamine Serotonin Oxytocin Vasopressin
86
4 signs of problems in relationship
Criticism instead of complaints Contempt/disgust Defensiveness Stonewalling/tune out

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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