Research Methods Flashcards
independent measures design
each participant is is different and randomly allocated to a condition
repeated measures design
each of our participants carries out the experiment twice - once in each of our groups
independent variable
the thing that the psychologist manipulates, e.g. amount of sleep
dependent variable
the thing that the psychologist measures, e.g. sweat produced
directional
this is when a hypothesis has a clear aim e.g. will significantly increase
non-directional
this is when a hypothesis has two possible outcomes e.g. there will be a significant difference
opportunity sample
these are the people who are available and willing to take part in your research
volunteer sample
asking for participants to self-select & take part in your research
systematic sample
collect a group of people and then chose a set amount and identify them in a systematic way e.g. every 3rd person
target population
a smaller group of people are a representative of the whole population
randomisation
random allocation or ordering
what are the 5 types of sampling?
random, opportunity, volunteer, systematic and stratified
integrity
when a psychologist should be honest and accurate
competence
psychologist should maintain high standards in their professional work
presumptive consent
a group of people with similar interest decide wether its appropriate for others to be part of an experiment
prior-general consent
participants are recruited before the experiment they are told they will be deceived but they are to told when
retrospective consent
consent from after the experiment is done
consent
when someone agrees to be apart of an experiment and if there details or results can be used in the conclusion
name the 3 types of consent
presumptive consent, prior general consent and retrospective consent
participants should be aware they are allowed to … at anytime
withdraw
debriefing
done after an experiment to discuss if they’re any side effects
protection
participants should be protected from any physical or psychological harm
what age must someone to Gove consent to being in a study?
16
name the 4 BPS pillars
respect, competence, responsibility and integrity
name the 6 parts of research ethics?
consent, deception, confidentiality, debriefing, withdrawal and protection
a pilot test
a smaller test version of the actual experiment to check the investigation runs smoothly
what are the 3 measures of central tendency?
mean, median and mode
what are the 2 measures of dispersion?
range and standard deviation
name the 2 control of variables?
confounding variables and extraneous variables
hypothesis can be: (3 things)
directional, non-directional and operationalised
naturalistic observation
the experiment is taking place in the natural habitat of where the behavior would usually take place
controlled observation
the experiment is taking place in a controlled environment for example a lab
covert observation
the participants are unaware that they are part of an experiment (under cover)
overt observation
the participants are aware they are being part of an experiment and have given consent to be included
participant observation
the researcher becomes part of the experiment as well as the participants
non-participant observation
the researcher just watches the experiment and doesn’t become involved at all
a likert scale
strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree
rank order scale
very entertaining 1 2 3 4 5 not entertaining at all
checklist questions
tick all those that apply
dichotomous questions
they only offer two answers e.g. yes/no
semantic differential questions
this type of question has two bipolar terms and the participant is asked to respond by indicating a point between the two which represents there strength of feeling
name the 6 types of ethics
consent, harm, confidentiality, debrief, withdraw, deception
can you ever deceive someone?
yes
whats an aim?
question- general purpose of study
what are the 5 types of sampling?
systematic, random, stratified, volunteer and opportunity
self reports can be a..? (2 things)
questionare or interview
self report questionnaires can be (2 things)
open and closed
self report interviews can be (3 things)
structured, semi-structured and not structured
obervations are 3 of 6 things. what are the 6 things?
covert, overt, participant, nonparticipant, natural, controlled
there are 3 types of data, they are?
nominal, ordinal, interval
whats nominal data?
categories e.g. flavour biscuit
whats ordinal data?
first to last e.g. chronological order
what is interval data?
measured in fixed units e.g. temperature in centigrade
whats the two types of order effects?
practice, fatigue
what is the practice order effect?
this is when the same person takes the same test more than once and therefore is advantaged
what is the fatigue order effect?
when the participant may be taking the test very late at night or very early in the morning or after a lack of sleep therefore cannot complete the test to the best of there ability
what happens in a peer review?
the researcher completes a hypothesis and a pilot study and completes the experiment then a journalist writes the report of the experiment which is then sent to another professional checks for errors. the 3 things that can then happen to report is it can be rejected, accepted or given recommendations
name the 5 things that peer review test for
publish-ability, validity, appropriate, significance and originality
what does: Peer Views Are So Overrated stand for
publish-ability, validity, appropriate, significance and originality
experiment types are? (4)
quazi, field, lab,natural
what is a quazi experiment
the independent variable is natural
what is a natural experiment
uncontrolled
what is a lab experiment
controlled environment
what is a field experiment
it takes place in the natural setting
co-variables, scattergraphs, positives negatives and zero, no cause and relationships are all part of?
correlation
