RESEARCH METHODS

Question 1

Name the different types of sampling

Answer 1

• Random
• Systematic
• Stratified
• Volunteer
• Opportunity

Question 2

Define Systematic sampling

Answer 2

Every nth person from target population is chosen

Question 3

Define Stratified sampling

Answer 3

Sample reflects sub-groups (strata) within target population

Question 4

What is the aim of a pilot study

Answer 4

Check procedure runs smoothly
Identify any errors
Fix them before real study
Saves time and money

Question 5

What are the two self report techniques

Answer 5

• Questionnaire

- Interviews

Question 6

What should you avoid in questionnaires

Answer 6

• Jargon
• Emotive language & leading questions
• Double barrelled/ double negative questions

Question 7

What are the issues in observational design:

Answer 7

• Structures vs Unstructured
• Behavioural categories
• Sampling methods

Question 8

What are the two sampling methods

Answer 8

Time sampling - take note of behaviour every 1 minute

Event Sampling - take note every time target behaviour performed

Question 9

What are the types of observation

Answer 9

• Overt vs Covert
• Naturalistic vs Controlled
• Participant vs Non-Participant

Question 10

Define types of observation:

- Overt vs Covert

Answer 10

Covert - pps don’t know they’re being observed

Overt - they do

Question 11

Define types of observation:

- Naturalistic vs Controlled

Answer 11

Naturalistic - In place where target behaviour occurs

Controlled - Lab like setting

Question 12

Define types of observation:

- Participant vs Non-Participant

Answer 12

Participant - Researcher becomes part of group being observed

Non-participant - researcher remains separate

Question 13

What are the different experimental design

Answer 13

• Matched Pairs
• Independent groups
• Repeated measures

Question 14

What are the different types of experiment

Answer 14

• Natural
• Field
• Quasi
• Lab

Question 15

Difference between field and natural type of experiment

Answer 15

Natural - IV occurs naturally

Field - Experiment in natural setting but IV manipulated by researcher

Question 16

What are the different types of data

Answer 16

• Qualitative
• Quantitative
• Primary
• Secondary

Question 17

What are the aims of peer review

Answer 17

1. Allocate research funding
2. Validate quality and relevance of research
3. Suggest amendments or improvments

Question 18

What are the negatives of peer review

Answer 18

• Anonymity (research rivalry)
• Publication bias (only publish interesting/ desirable results)
• Burying ground breaking research if it goes against statistical quo

Question 19

Nominal data is

Answer 19

Categories

Question 20

Ordinal data is

Answer 20

Order/scale 1 - 10

Question 21

Interval data is

Answer 21

numerical scales cm/litres

Question 22

One tailed test is

Answer 22

directional/null hypothesis

Question 23

Two tailed test is non-directional hypothesis

Answer 23

non-directional hypothesis

Question 24

Type I error is

Answer 24

When null is rejected but should be accepted
False positive
Optimistic error

Question 25

Type II error is

Answer 25

When null is accepted but should be rejected
False Negative
Pessimistic error

Question 26

Reliability is all about

Answer 26

consistent findings

Question 27

To test for reliability:

Answer 27

• Test-retest (two different times)

- Inter-observer (two different researchers)

Question 28

Validity is all about

Answer 28

Genuine?

Does it measure what is says it does

Question 29

Temporal validity is

Answer 29

can it be generalised to other historical times and eras

Question 30

To test for validity:

Answer 30

• Face validity (eyeballing)

- Concurrent validity (compare to well established findings)