RESEARCH METHODS Flashcards
Name the different types of sampling
- Random
- Systematic
- Stratified
- Volunteer
- Opportunity
Define Systematic sampling
Every nth person from target population is chosen
Define Stratified sampling
Sample reflects sub-groups (strata) within target population
What is the aim of a pilot study
Check procedure runs smoothly
Identify any errors
Fix them before real study
Saves time and money
What are the two self report techniques
- Questionnaire
- Interviews
What should you avoid in questionnaires
- Jargon
- Emotive language & leading questions
- Double barrelled/ double negative questions
What are the issues in observational design:
- Structures vs Unstructured
- Behavioural categories
- Sampling methods
What are the two sampling methods
Time sampling - take note of behaviour every 1 minute
Event Sampling - take note every time target behaviour performed
What are the types of observation
- Overt vs Covert
- Naturalistic vs Controlled
- Participant vs Non-Participant
Define types of observation:
- Overt vs Covert
Covert - pps don’t know they’re being observed
Overt - they do
Define types of observation:
- Naturalistic vs Controlled
Naturalistic - In place where target behaviour occurs
Controlled - Lab like setting
Define types of observation:
- Participant vs Non-Participant
Participant - Researcher becomes part of group being observed
Non-participant - researcher remains separate
What are the different experimental design
- Matched Pairs
- Independent groups
- Repeated measures
What are the different types of experiment
- Natural
- Field
- Quasi
- Lab
Difference between field and natural type of experiment
Natural - IV occurs naturally
Field - Experiment in natural setting but IV manipulated by researcher
What are the different types of data
- Qualitative
- Quantitative
- Primary
- Secondary
What are the aims of peer review
- Allocate research funding
- Validate quality and relevance of research
- Suggest amendments or improvments
What are the negatives of peer review
- Anonymity (research rivalry)
- Publication bias (only publish interesting/ desirable results)
- Burying ground breaking research if it goes against statistical quo
Nominal data is
Categories
Ordinal data is
Order/scale 1 - 10
Interval data is
numerical scales cm/litres
One tailed test is
directional/null hypothesis
Two tailed test is non-directional hypothesis
non-directional hypothesis
Type I error is
When null is rejected but should be accepted
False positive
Optimistic error
Type II error is
When null is accepted but should be rejected
False Negative
Pessimistic error
Reliability is all about
consistent findings
To test for reliability:
- Test-retest (two different times)
- Inter-observer (two different researchers)
Validity is all about
Genuine?
Does it measure what is says it does
Temporal validity is
can it be generalised to other historical times and eras
To test for validity:
- Face validity (eyeballing)
- Concurrent validity (compare to well established findings)
