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Psychology Year 2 > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what measurements is probability measured in

A

percentage

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2
Q

what is probability

A

is a numerical value that represents the likelihood of an event happening
used to decide whether or not a result is significant

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3
Q

what letter is used to represent probability

A

p

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4
Q

in psychology research probability is measured on a scale of

A

0-1

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5
Q

probability scales
0=
1=

A 
0= it will never happen 
1= will defiantly happen
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6
Q

what is not an acceptable significance level

A

10%

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7
Q

how is 10% significance written

A

p<0.10

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8
Q

describe 5% significance levels

A
  • 0.05% level is the minimum level that psychologists use. if results are not significant at this level or higher the null has to be accepted and the experimental rejected
  • if a set of results are said to be significant at the 5% level it means that the results would have occurred by chance less than 5 x out of the 100 . this means the results would have occurred by chance less than 0.05%
  • 95% confidence results have not occurred by chance . the likelihood of the results occurring by chance is less than 5 times in a 100
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9
Q

describe 1% significance levels

A

this means that a set of results would occur by chance less than once in 100

  • p<0.01
  • 99% confidence results have not occurred by chance . the likelihood of the results occurring by chance is less than 1 time in 100
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10
Q

are one tailed hypotheses directional or non directional

A

directional

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11
Q

describe null hypothesis

A

predicts there will be no significant difference or relationship between results

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12
Q

describe alternative/ experimental hypotheses

A

predicts there will be a significant difference or relationship between two sets of results

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13
Q

describe one tailed hypotheses

A

predicts the direction of the hypothesis

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14
Q

describe two tailed hypotheses

A

does not predict the direction of the hypotheses

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15
Q

you should use a one tailed hypotheses if there is ….

A

previous research

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16
Q

what are the two types of errors

A

type 1

type 2

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17
Q

describe type 1 errors

A

when researchers finds a significant difference but results occurred by chance

null wrongly rejected , alternatively wrong accepted due to accepting a 10% significance level

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18
Q

describe type 2 errors

A

researcher fails to find any significant difference although one does exist

null is wrongly accepted and alternatively wrongly rejected , could be due too poor sampling , using a 1% significance level

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19
Q

the calculated t value is …….. the ……. and therefore ……

A

less than or equal to /equal or exceed
critical value
is significant/ is not significant

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20
Q

what are the levels of measurements

A

nominal
ordinal
interval
fixed

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21
Q

describe nominal scales

A

one simply names or categorises responses eg gender, fave colour , religion are examples of variables measured on a nominal scale.

they do not imply any ordering among the responses

responses are merely categorised

lowest level of measurements

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22
Q

describe ordinal scales

A

a scale or rank which does not have exact intervals

difference between adjacent scale values do not necessarily represent equal intervals

23
Q

describe interval scales

A

numerical scales in which intervals have the same interpretation throughout.

same difference between intervals

24
Q

describe ratio scales

A

an interval scale but with the additional property that its zero position indicates the absence of the quantity being measured

25
Q

independent groups and nominal =

A

chi2 test

26
Q

independent groups and ordinal

A

mann whitney u

27
Q

independent groups and interval

A

unrelated t test

28
Q

repeated measures/ matched pairs and nominal

A

binominal sign test

29
Q

repeated measures/ matched pairs and ordinal

A

Wilcoxon test

30
Q

repeated measures/ matched pairs and interval

A

related t test

31
Q

correlation and nominal

A

x

32
Q

correlation and ordinal

A

spearmans rank order

33
Q

correlation and interval

A

pearsons product moment

34
Q

how to reference books

A

author surname, initials. (year publication) titles, , edition. place of publication; publisher

35
Q

how to reference a journal

A

author surname , initials . ( year of publication) title of article . journal title. volume.( part/ issue) , page number

36
Q

how to reference a online journal

A

author , date , title, source, online, volume number/ edition, page numbers, available from and date accessed .

37
Q

Describe peer review

A
  • Other psychologists check the research report before deciding whether it could be published
  • ensures , accuracy and quality
  • projects psychology
  • useful to wider population
  • work is considered in terms if its validity , significance and originality
38
Q

Describe the implications on the economy

  • attachment
  • schizophrenia
  • psychopathology
A

Attachment

  • nursery jobs
  • jobs in building nurseries
  • mother’s have gone back to work and therefore more jobs and skills

Schizophrenia

  • token economy is inexpensive
  • specialist are costly
  • created drug treatment which is giving chemist jobs and pharmacists however is long term expensive

Psychopathology
-specialist are costly , CBT long term cheap

39
Q

what are the 7 features of a science

A
  • has a definable subject matter
    -having theory and hypothesis
    -uses empherical evidence
    -replicable
    -falsifiable
    -objective
    paradigm and paradigm shift
40
Q

has a definable subject matter

  • define it
  • examples where there is evidence for features of a science
  • example of where there is evidence against a feature of a science
A
  • ??????
  • schizophrenia and addiction DSM5
  • memory , hard to define
41
Q

has a definable subject matter

evaluation

A
  • deals with communication, better treatments
  • deals with validity of tests

-lots of useful findings from memory research

42
Q

having theory and hypothesis

  • define it
  • examples where there is evidence for features of a science
  • example of where there is evidence against a feature of a science
A

-A theory is “a set of propositions which provide principles of analysis or explanation of a subject matter”.A theory must generate a number of hypotheses which can be tested through empirical evidence.
A hypothesis is a premise which is put forward requiring empirical evidence to determine whether it is false or supported by evidence.
These hypotheses can then be tested using scientific procedures or methods of investigation

  • memory , WMW, MSM
  • Behaviourists, attachment
43
Q

having theory and hypothesis

evolution

A
  • theory’s help to understand behaviour
  • more believable
  • people believe it without
44
Q

uses of empherical evidence

  • -define it
  • examples where there is evidence for features of a science
  • example of where there is evidence against a feature of a science
A

-The scientific approach in Psychology, as with physics, chemistry and biology attaches significance to gathering and using evidence to support or refute a hypotheses and theory.
Empirical evidence is obtaining knowledge, information and data through observation and through our senses.
There are 3 main features of evidence which make it scientific:
1, Only observable is admissible (objective)
2, Anyone trained in psychological or other scientific methods should be able to make the same observations and collect the same data
3, Scientific evidence in Psychology comes from a number of sources.

  • social influence ashs , biological approach genetics and hormones
  • psychodynamic , unconscious . memory case studys HM
45
Q

uses of empherical evidence

evaluation

A
  • more reliable
  • replicable
  • provides evidence and supports hypothesis
  • a lot of the subject matter in psychology is unobservable and therefore cannot be accurately measured
  • good knowledge from no empherical evidence
46
Q

replicable

  • define it
  • examples where there is evidence for features of a science
  • example of where there is evidence against a feature of a science
A
  • Replicability: The findings obtained by researchers need to be replicable or repeatable: it would be hard (or impossible) to base science on inconsistent findings
  • ainsworth strange situation, bobo doll
  • little hans , HM ,harlows monkeys due to ethics
47
Q

replicable

evaluation

A
  • test eliminates chance
  • can alter theories to get it right

–HM, doesn’t want to be repeated due to trauma but gives us lots of information

48
Q

falsifiable

  • define it
  • examples where there is evidence for features of a science
  • example of where there is evidence against a feature of a science
A

-Falsifiability: The notion that scientific theories can be potentially disproven by evidence

  • multi store model
  • personality theory

-freuds three parts of the mind eg id, ego, superego

49
Q

a plan must included

A
  • IV, DV and extraneous variables
  • hypothesis
  • design
  • sample
  • research method
  • materials
  • procedure
  • ethics
50
Q

objective

  • define it
  • examples where there is evidence for features of a science
  • example of where there is evidence against a feature of a science
A

-This is dealing with facts in a way that is unaffected by feelings or opinions.
The importance of this was stated when looking at testing hypotheses.
Scientific observation is always driven by hypotheses and theories and what you observe depends in part on what you expect to see. This is difficult when the subject matter is humans rather than matter like in physics and chemistry

  • little albert
  • skinner and pavlov
  • behavioural and biological
  • observations and case studies
  • interviews and questionnaires
  • psychodynamic
51
Q

objective

evaluation

A
  • behaviourism and token economy leads to behaviour modification
  • humanism, client therapy and bobo doll has given us lots of info
52
Q

paradigm and paradigm shift

  • define it
  • examples where there is evidence for features of a science
  • example of where there is evidence against a feature of a science
A

-A paradigm consists of one set of general theoretical assumptions, agreement on how to conduct research and an agreement on the techniques of empirical enquiry.
Each perspective in Psychology however has different methods of empirical enquiry, different assumptions and different ways to conduct research.

  • behaviourist approach
  • psychologists will give different explanations for different approaches
53
Q

paradigm and paradigm shift

evaluation

A
  • understanding of behaviour confusing to anyone not a psychologist
  • different perceptions help treat people

Psychology Year 2 (5 decks)

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