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Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of pilot studies

A

Small scale study run of the experiment before the real experiment

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2
Q

Internal validity

A

Does it measure what it’s supposed to measure?

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3
Q

Population Validity

A

Can the findings be generalised to another group of people

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4
Q

Ecological validity

A

Generalised to another setting

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5
Q

Reliability

A

How consistent the findings are

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6
Q

Temporal validity

A

Generalised to another setting

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7
Q

Why run a pilot study?

A

Because you can check timing, how clear the instructions are, participants opinion, check materials, test questions, check behavioural categories

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8
Q

Experimenter bias

A

Experimenter influences the experiment which changes the result

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9
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Participant guesses what is happening

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10
Q

Single blind

A

Participant does not know what condition they are in.

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11
Q

Double blind

A

Both researcher and participant don’t know what is happening

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12
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observation carried out in an everyday setting

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13
Q

Covert observation

A

Observing people without their knowledge

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14
Q

Non participant observation

A

Observer is separate from people being watched

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15
Q

Participant

A

Observations made by someone taking part

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16
Q

Overt observations

A

When participants know their behaviour is being studied

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17
Q

Controlled observations

A

Under conditions that have been created

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18
Q

Qualities data

A

Language data

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19
Q

Quantitative data

A

Number data

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20
Q

What type of data does a bar chart hold?

A

Categorised data

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21
Q

What type of data does a histogram hold?

A

Continuous

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22
Q

What type of data does scatter graph hold?

A

Associates

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23
Q

What type of data does a line graph hold?

A

Continuous

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24
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of controlled observations

A

A - extraneous variables

D- low ecological validity

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25
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of a natural observation

A

A - high ecological validity

D- replication of extraneous variables

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26
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of a covert observation

A

A- less demand characteristics

D- ethical issue

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27
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of an overt observation

A

A- ethically good

D- demand characteristics

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28
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of a participant observation

A

A- better understanding of behaviour

D - rely on memory

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29
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of a non participant observation

A

A- can write down information when it happens

D- researcher bias

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30
Q

What is a structured interview

A

Determined questions asked in a set order

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31
Q

What is a semi structured interview

A

Some questions are set but you can ask more

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32
Q

What is an unstructured interview

A

No set questions

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33
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of a structured interview

A

A- easy to repeat, reduces bias

D- you can’t divert questions so loose validity

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34
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of an unstructured interview

A

A- much more flexibility

D- hard to repeat/ analyse

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35
Q

What is a likert scale

A

Where the question ranges from strongly agree to strongly disagree

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36
Q

What is a rating scale

A

Where you rate something against numbers

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37
Q

What are the strengths of self report techniques

A

Low cost
Quick
Not much effort

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38
Q

What are the limitations of self report techniques

A

Demand characteristics
Response bias
Social desirability bias

39
Q

What is a peer review

A

It happens before publication and all aspects of research are reviewed.

40
Q

What are the aims of peer review

A

The aims are to allocate funding, validate the quality, suggest improvements

41
Q

What are the strengths of peer review

A

Protects quality

Minimises fraud

42
Q

What are the limitations of peer review

A

Publication bias

Researcher could ignore the research

43
Q

What is the central tendency in descriptive stats

A

It’s the average mean median and mode

44
Q

In descriptive stats what does it mean when there is a normal distribution

A

Mean, median and mode are all at the same point

45
Q

In descriptive stats what does it mean when there is a negative skew

A

Most of the information of the curve is to the left

46
Q

In descriptive stats what does it mean when there is a positive skew

A

Most information is to the right

47
Q

How do you do a sign test

A

You find the smallest difference

People with the same get disregarded

48
Q

Why do researchers use stats tests?

A

To determine wether the likelihood that the effect/difference/relationship they have found occurred due to chance

49
Q

What is a large standard deviation?

A

When data is far away from the mean

50
Q

How do you work out standard deviation

A

Work out the mean
Each number subtract the mean and then square the result
Work out the mean of the squared number
Take the square root of that

51
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A prediction about what is going to happen

52
Q

What is an independent variable

A

What you are changing

53
Q

What is a dependant variable

A

What you measure

54
Q

What is a one directional hypothesis

A

Where you predict that one condition will do better than another

55
Q

What is a two directional hypothesis

A

There will be a difference, your not sure which condition will perform better

56
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

IV will not effect the DV

57
Q

What is an extraneous variable

A

A variable that could effect the DV

58
Q

What is a confounding variable

A

A variable that could effect the DV which changes the IV

59
Q

What is a demand characteristics

A

Participants guessing the aim

60
Q

What is investigator effects

A

How the experimenter influences

61
Q

What is standardisation

A

Using the same procedure and instructions for all participants

62
Q

What are the ethical issues

A 
Right to withdraw 
Anonymous
Physical/mental harm
Informed consent
Deception
63
Q

What is presumptive consent

A

A similar group gives consent

64
Q

Prior general consent

A

Participants give permission for a number of different experiments

65
Q

What is retrospective consent?

A

Where you give consent at the end

66
Q

What is internal validity

A

How well the experiment is done

67
Q

What is population validity

A

How well the findings can be generalised to another group

68
Q

What is ecological validity

A

How well it can be generalised to another setting

69
Q

What is temporal validity

A

How well the findings can be generalised to another time

70
Q

What is reliability

A

How consistent your findings are

71
Q

What is randomisation

A

Randomly allocating participants to a condition

72
Q

What is standardisation

A

Using the same procedure and instructions for all participants

73
Q

What is a control group

A

They are used to compare

74
Q

What is a single blind experiment

A

Participants don’t know what conditions they are in

75
Q

What is a double blind experiment

A

Researcher and participants don’t know the aim

76
Q

What is a repeated measures design

A

Every participant does every condition

77
Q

What is a strength and limitation of a repeated measures design

A

L- demand characteristics

S- fewer participants needed

78
Q

What is an independent groups design

A

Separate conditions, separate groups

79
Q

What is a strength and limitation of independent groups design

A

L- individual differences

S- demand characteristics

80
Q

What is a matched paired design

A

Where participants are matched on certain characteristics then put in certain groups

81
Q

What is a strength and limitation of matched pairs design

A

L- time

S- demand characteristics

82
Q

What is a lab experiment

A

It is created in a highly controlled environment where the IV is manipulated and controls for extraneous

83
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of a lab study

A

A- high control over extraneous

D- mundane realism

84
Q

What is a natural experiment

A

Created in a realistic environment and the IV naturally occurs

85
Q

What is a strength and limitation of a natural experiment

A

S- realistic

L- limited opportunities for this to happen.

86
Q

What is a field experiment

A

Created in a realistic environment and manipulates the IV

87
Q

What is a strength and limitation of a field experiment

A

S- has mundane realism

L- low control over extraneous variables

88
Q

What is a quasi experiment

A

It focuses of the existing IV such as Gender, age, IQ. This would never be able to change

89
Q

What is a strength and limitation of a quasi experiment

A

S- high control over extraneous variables

L- confounding variables

90
Q

What is a strength and limitation of random sampling

A

S- unbiased

L- time

91
Q

What is a strength and limitation of a systematic sample

A

S- unbiased

L- not random

92
Q

What is a strength and limitation of an opportunity sample

A

S- less time

L- bias

93
Q

What is a strength and limitation of volunteer bias

A

S- takes little time

L- volunteer bias

94
Q

What is a strength and limitation of of stratified sample

A

S- unbiased

L- not always complete

Psychology (11 decks)

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