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Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Origins of psychology - who opened the first psychology lab?

A

Wundt 1879 Germany

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2
Q

Origins of psychology - what was the aim of the psychology lab

A

To describe the nature of human consciousness in a carefully controlled scientific manner

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3
Q

Origins of psychology- Who pioneered the method of introspection?

A

Wundt

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4
Q

Origins of psychology- what is introspection?

A

It was the first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations

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5
Q

Origins of psychology- isolating the structure of consciousness introspectively is called….

A

Structuralism

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6
Q

Origins of psychology- what happened in the standardised procedure?

A

They were given all the same instructions and procedures could be repeated.
Participants were giving a ticking metronome and they would report their thoughts, images and sensations which were all recorded.

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7
Q

Origins of psychology- what was the significance of wudnts work?

A

It marked the separation of modern scientific psychology from its boarder and philosophical roots

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8
Q

Origins of psychology- What happened in the first stage of the emergence of psychology as a science in the early 1900s

A

Behaviourists rejected introspection
John B. Watson argues that introspection was subjective, in that it varied from person to person. According to the behaviourist approach, scientific psychology should only study what can be observed and measured

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9
Q

Origins of psychology- What happened in the second stage of the emergence of psychology as a science in 1930?

A

BF skinner bought the language and rigour of natural science to psychology. The behaviourists focus on learning and the use of carefully controlled lab studies, would dominate psychology for the next few decades

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10
Q

Origins of psychology- What happened in the third stage of the emergence of psychology as a science in 1950

A

Cognitive approach used scientific procedures to study mental processes.
Following the cognitive revolution the study of mental processes was legitimate within psychology.
Psychologists were able to make inferences in a lab study

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11
Q

Origins of psychology- What happened in the final stage of the emergence of psychology as a science in the 1990s

A

The biological approach introduced technological advances
FMRI
EEG
genetic research

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12
Q

What are the evaluation points for origins of psychology

A

STRENGTH - some aspects of wudnts methods would be classed as scientific today, controlled, standardised.
LIMITATION- some aspects would be less scientific - subjective data.
STRENGTH - modern psychology can claim to be scientific - same aims as natural sciences, learning approaches
LIMITATION - not all approaches use objective methods. Humanistic approach is anti scientific, psychodynamic uses the case study method.

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13
Q

Behaviourist approach: what is it?

A

It is only concerned with studying behaviour that can be observed or measured. It is not concerned with the mental processes of the mind. Introspection was rejected by the behaviourists as it was to vauge

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14
Q

Behaviourist approach: explain classical conditioning

A 
It is learning through association.
Pavlova research - conditioning dogs to salivate when a bell rings. 
UCS- food
UCR- salivation 
NS- BELL
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15
Q

Behaviourist approach: explain operant conditioning

A

Skinners research
Learning is an active process whereby humans and animals operate on their environment .
Behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences.
Rats in cages if it pushed the leaver = food
Desirable consequence so repeated
If they got an electric shock they wouldn’t repeat.

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16
Q

Behaviourist approach: what are the tree types of consequences of behaviour?

A

Positive reinforcement- receiving an award when a behaviour is preformed
Negative reinforcement - when an animal or human produces behaviour that avoids something unpleasant
Punishment - an unpleasant consequence of behaviour

17
Q

Behaviourist approach: evaluate

A

STRENGTH - gave psychology scientific credibility. Lab setting
STRENGTH - Real life application, token economy system
LIMITATION - ethical issues
LIMITATION - mechanistic view. Doesn’t look into why.

18
Q

Social learning theory: what is it about

A

Learning occurs through an experience however in a social setting. Children observe others behaviour and repeat if it’s awarded and not if its negative.
Most likely to watch someone who is a role model e.g attractive or have a higher status

19
Q

Social learning theory: explain the meditation all process

A

Attention - whether behaviour is notices
Retention - whether the behaviour is remembered
Motor reproduction - being able to do it.
Motivation- the will to preform the behaviour.

20
Q

Social learning theory: banduras bobo doll experiment

A

Children watcher either an adult being aggressive towards a doll or being nice.
The children who saw the person being aggressive were more likely to be aggressive.

21
Q

Social learning theory: evaluate.

A

STRENGTH- the cognitive aspects of ARMM better than behaviourism
LIMITATION - demand characteristics
LIMITATION - biological factors, testosterone levels
STRENGTH - can explain cultural differences. Learn from those around you.

22
Q

The cognitive approach: what is it about.

A

In direct contrast to the behaviourist approach, the cognitive approach argues that mental processes should be studied. They make inferences about what is going on inside people’s head.

23
Q

The cognitive approach: how do they explain mental processes

A

Theoretical models- such as the multi store model.
Computer models - our brains work similarly to computers.
Schema- a mental framework of how something happens. Babies are born with a basic scheme of sucking and grasping as we grow it becomes more advance.

24
Q

The cognitive approach: evaluate

A

STRENGTH - uses scientific and objective methods, controlled study’s, lab
LIMITATION - reductionism, we are not like computers.
LIMITATION - external validity, artificial stimuli e.g word lists
STRENGTH - real life application, artificial intelligence and the development of robots

25
Q

The biological approach: what is it?

A

The study of biological structures and processes within the body. E.g genes and the nervous system

26
Q

The biological approach: A01

A

Behaviour has a genetic and neurochemical basis
The mind and body are one of the same.
Twin studies - higher concordance rates between twins are calculated. 68% of MZ twins both have the OCD gene wether only 31% of DZ twins.
Genotype - actual genetic makeup
Phenotype - the way the genes are expressed through characteristics.
Phenotype so however can be influenced by environmental factors
E.g PKU a genetic disorder can be prevented by a restricted diet.
Evolution - in order to survive, Charles Darwin

27
Q

The biological approach: evaluate.

A

STRENGTH - scientific methods of investigation, scanning techniques
STRENGTH - real life application, drugs
LIMITATION - determinist, human behaviour governed my internal biological causes.
LIMITATION - A methodological approach problem is the difficulty of separating nature and nurture

28
Q

The psychodynamic approach: what is it

A

Freud said the mind is made up of: the conscious, pre-conscious and the unconscious.

29
Q

The psychodynamic approach: tripartite structure of personality.

A

Id - primitive part of personality operates on the pleasure principle, demands instant gratification
Ego- works on the reality principle and is the mediator
Superego- internalised sense of right or wrong based on morality principle. Punishes ego through guilt

30
Q

The psychodynamic approach: the psychosexual stages

A

Oral 0-1 years : puts everything in the mouth
Anal 1-3 years : the child gains pleasure from holding and releasing faeces
Phallic 3-5 years : pleasure focus genital area
Genital pubity : sexual desires become conscious

31
Q

The psychodynamic approach: the Oedipus complex

A

In the phallic stages boys develop feelings towards their mums and hate their dads
Later they repress the feelings for their mums and relate to their dad.

32
Q

The psychodynamic approach: AO3

A

LIMITATION - case study method, little hans
LIMITATION - lots of untestable concepts, Oedipus complex is in the unconscious so untestable.
STRENGTH- practical approach to the world, psychoanalysis approach
LIMITATION - psychic determinism, no free will

33
Q

What is the humanistic approach?

A

They reject attempts to establish scientific principles of human behaviour.
A person centred approach

34
Q

Humanistic approach - A01

A

Hierarchy of needs - self actualisation refers to the innate tendency that each of us has to achieve our full potential and become the best we can possible be. In man slows hierarchy all the 4 bottom deficiency needs need to be met before you can reach the top level.
Concept of self has to be congruent with their ideal self. The aim of therapy is to establish this congruence.
Client entered therapy

35
Q

Humanistic approach -A03

A

STRENGTH - anti reductionist, they look at the full person
LIMITATION - real life application, doesn’t have a big impact
LIMITATION - cultural bias
LIMITATION - untestable concepts

36
Q

A01 - Brain Plasticity (infancy)

A

during infancy the brain experiences rapid growth in synaptic connection peaking at 15000 at age 2-3
As we age rarely used connections are deleted and frequently used connections are strengthened - synaptic pruning.
neural connections can be formed at anytime due to our learning and experience.

37
Q

A01 - Brain Plasticity (study)

A

A psychologist found more grey brain matter in the posterior hippocampus in London taxi drivers than a matched control group. the part of the brain linked with spatial and navigational skills.
As part of their training, London cabbies take a complex test to asses their recall of city streets and possible routes. The learning experience appears to alter the structure of the taxi drivers brain.

38
Q

A01 - Functional recovery

A

neural plasticity - healthy parts of the brain takes over functions of areas damaged, destroyed or even broken.
Neuroscientists suggest that it happens quickly after trauma and then slows down - at which point the person may require rehabilitative therapy.
The brain forms new synaptic connections. secondary neural pathways are unmasked to enable functioning to continue.
axonal sprouting - growth of new nerve endings which connect with other undamaged cells to form new neuronal pathways.
Reformation of blood vessels
Recruitment of homologous - areas on the opposite side of the brain to preform specific tasks.

39
Q

Plasticity and functional recovery of the brain

A

STRENGTH - Practical application
LIMITATION - phantom limb syndrome
LIMITATION - study only one group of people
LIMITATION - changes of neural representation in 40 -60 year olds after 40 hours of training. but younger it would be quicker

Psychology (11 decks)

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