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Psychology > Research Methods (2) > Flashcards

Research Methods (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Different experimental designs

A

Independent groups-different take part in each condition
Repeated Measures-same people used in each condition
Matched pairs-people paired and do different conditions

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2
Q

Independent groups evaluation

A
  • +Order effects not a problem
  • +Easy to allocate participants
  • -Participant variables
  • -More people needed
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3
Q

Repeated measures evaluation

A
  • +Participant variables controlled
  • +Fewer people needed
  • -Order effects (could use counterbalancing)
  • -Demand characteristics
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4
Q

Matched pairs evaluation

A
  • +No order effects or demand characteristics
  • +Reduced participant variables
  • -Time consuming and expensive
  • -Not all particiapant variables controlled
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5
Q

Types of experiments

A

Lab-high controlled environment
Field-in everyday setting but the IV is changed
Natural-The IV occurs naturally can be conducted in a lab or field
Quasi-IV based on an existing difference between people,no manipulation

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6
Q

Lab experiment Evaluation

A
  • +High control of IV,replicability
  • +High internal validity
  • -Artifical
  • -Demand Characteristics
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7
Q

Field Experiment Evaluation

A
  • +High ecological validity
  • -Hard to replicate
  • -Low internal validity
  • -Unethical,consent and privacy
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8
Q

Natural Experiment Evaluation

A
  • +High ecological validity
  • +useful when you can’t change IV
  • -Opportunities are rare
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9
Q

Quasi Experiment Evaluation

A
  • +High internal validity
  • +Replicability
  • -Can’t randomly allocate participants,confounding variables
  • -Hard to establish cause and effect with IV manipulation
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10
Q

Sampling Techniques

A

Random-get list of people and assign number then use generator
Systematic-List of people, sample chosen at every nth term
Stratified-population divided into characteristics and proportions match sample
Opportunity-Use whoever is available
Volunteer-Participants self select themselves

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11
Q

Random sampling Evaluation

A
  • +No researcher bias
  • -Time consuming
  • -Unrepresentative sample
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12
Q

Systematic sampling Evaluation

A
  • +No researcher bias
  • -Not an equal chance of being selected
  • -Time consuming
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13
Q

Stratified sampling Evaluation

A
  • +Representative
  • -Cant represent everyone
  • -Time consuming
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14
Q

Opportunity sampling Evaluation

A
  • +Quick and economical
  • -Reasercher bias
  • -Not representative
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15
Q

Volunteer sampling Evaluation

A
  • +Less time consuming
  • +Participants motivated and engaged
  • -Volunteer bias
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16
Q

Ethical Issues

A

Informed consent
Deception
Right to withdraw
Protection from harm
Confidentiality
Privacy

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17
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

Small scale version of a study that takes place before a real one
If there are problems, they can be changed before a larger study is done

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18
Q

What is a single blind procedure?

A

Participants are unaware of which condition they are in, they are mot told the aims of the study until its over

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19
Q

What is a double blind procedure

A

Neither the participants nor the researcher are aware of the aims

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20
Q

Types of observations

A

Naturalistic-In the setting the IV would occur
Controlled-In a structured environment
Covert-Participants don’t know about study
Overt-Participants know they’re being observed
Participant-Reseacher is apart of the group they are studying
Non-Participant-Resercher remains separate from Participants

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21
Q

Naturalistic observation Evaluation

A
  • +High external validity
  • -Hard to replicate
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22
Q

Controlled observation Evaluation

A
  • +Some variables controlled
  • +Easier to replicate
  • -Low external validity
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23
Q

Covert Observation Evaluation

A
  • +No demand characteristics
  • +Internal validity
  • -Ethical issues
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24
Q

Overt observation Evaluation

A
  • +More ethically acceptable
  • -Demand characteristics
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25
Q

Participant observation Evaluation

A
  • +More insight into participant experiences
  • +internal validity
  • -Could get lost on the purpose of the research
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26
Q

Non-Participant Observation Evaluation

A
  • +Maintain psychological distance
  • -Lose insight
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27
Q

Observation Designs

A

Unstructured Observation-Write down everything
Structured-Writing when certain behaviours are observed
Behavioural Categories-Putting target behaviour into measurable categories
Event sampling-Counting how many times a behaviour occurs
Time sampling-Recording target behaviour at fixed intervals

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28
Q

Unstructured Observation Evaluation

A
  • +Produces detailed data
  • -Observer bias
  • -Qualitative data hard to analyse
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29
Q

Structured Observation Evaluation

A
  • +Recording data is easy
  • +Quantitive data easier to analyse
  • -Time consuming defining target behaviours
30
Q

Event sampling Evaluation

A
  • +useful when behaviour happens periodically
  • -Overlook important details
31
Q

Time sampling Evaluation

A
  • +Useful when behaviour happens frequently
  • +Reduces number of observations
  • -Easy to miss behaviours
32
Q

Questionnaire Evaluation

A
  • +Can be distributed quickly
  • +Data easy to analyse
  • +May be more truthful than interview
  • -Responses may not be truthful
  • -Response bias,agree to regardless of content
33
Q

Open Questions in Questionnaires

A

No fixed choice of response
+in depth answers
-Harder to analyse

34
Q

Closed Questions in Questionnaires

A

Person has limited choices
+Easy to analyse
-Less detail
-Response bias

35
Q

Types of interviews

A

Structured-List of questions in a fixed order
Unstructured-No set questions just a general topic
Semi structured-List of set questions but follow up questions are asked

36
Q

Structured interview Evaluation

A
  • +Easy to replicate to standardise
  • -Can’t elaborate on points or deviate
37
Q

Unstructured interview Evaluation

A
  • +Gain insight
  • -Lacks structure
  • -Interviewer bias
38
Q

Self report designs

A

Rating scales-identify a value that represents their strength of feeling on a topic

Likert Scales-Ratinf scale,express how much they agree or disagree

Fixed-choice options-list of possible options

39
Q

How to write good self report questions

A

Avoid Jargon-avoid technical terms only specialists know
Avoid double barrelled questions- person may agree with one not the other
Avoid leading questions-could influence how a person’s answers

40
Q

What is the purpose of correlations

A

Illustrate strength and direction of an association between 2 variables
Plotted on a scattergram
Can be expresses numerically (-1 perfect negative to +1 perfect positive)

41
Q

Correlations Evaluation

A
  • +Less time consuming than experiments
  • +Starting point for research
  • -Doesn’t not imply causation
42
Q

What is Quantitative Data?

A

Numerical data that can be analysed statistically
From experiments and closed questions

43
Q

What is Qualitative Data

A

Non-numerical data
Collected from open questions and unstructured interviews

44
Q

Quantitative Data Evaluation

A
  • +Easy to analyse
  • +Objective
  • -Oversimplifies behaviour
45
Q

Qualitative Data Evaluation

A
  • +Rich in detail,increases external validity
  • -Difficult to analyse
  • -Researcher bias
46
Q

What is Primary Data

A

Data that is collected directly by researcher
+Authentic Data
-Time consuming

47
Q

What is secondary Data

A

Data that has been collected by someone else
+Not expensive
+easily acquired
-Quality may be poor

48
Q

What is a meta-analysis

A

Researchers combine data from different studies with similar aims
+Large sample size increases validity
-Prone to publication bias, researchers may only pick studies that match their hypothesis

49
Q

Aims of peer reviews

A

To allocate funding
To validate the quality and relevance of research
To suggest improvements

50
Q

Peer reviews Evaluation

A
  • -Anonymous,others could criticise rival researchers
  • -Publication bias,Editors may favour headline grabbing findings may tend to only publish positive results
  • -Burying ground breaking research,ones that oppose mainstream theories to maintain status quo,slowest rate of change
51
Q

How to use the sign test

A
  • Score for condition B subtracted from condition A to produce sign difference (+ or -)
  • Calcluate total number of - and +same scores ignored
  • The calculated value (S) is the less frequent sign
  • Identify Critical value
  • If calculated value is equal too or less than crit value is significant
52
Q

Why are means good

A

Measures a central tendency
Sensitive measure-uses all data

53
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

Needs previous research to make predictions
Suggests the direction of the study

54
Q

Features of a science

A

Objectivity-not influenced by opinions
Empiricism-must be testable
Replicability-repeat research for it to be supported
Falsifabilty-science aims to disprove,psych aims to approve

55
Q

Paradigms

A

Shared set of understandings and beliefs held by a large community
Psychology doesn’t have a paradigm
Kuhn suggested it’s a pre-science

56
Q

Paradigm shift

A

Prescience
Number of theories,no accepted paradigm

Normal science
Paradigm emerged,dominates science,contradicting evidence emerges

Revolutionary science
Evidence against paradigm grows
New theories put forward,new one accepted

57
Q

Reporting psychological investigations

A

Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
Referencing

58
Q

Abstracts

A

Short summery
Includes aim,hypothesis,method, results and conclusion
To identify studies worthy of examination

59
Q

Introductions

A

Details other relevant theories related to current study
Logical progression, starts broad and becomes specific

60
Q

Methods

A

So others can replicate
Design with justifications

Sample-biological info,sampling method and target population

Apparatus

Procedure-list of everything that happened,record what’s said to pp,briefing,debriefing

Ethics-how it was addressed

61
Q

Results

A

Descriptive statistics-tables,charts and graphs
Inferential statistics-statistical test,significance level

62
Q

Referencing

A

To avoid plagiarism
Journal reference-Author,date, artical title,journal name (italics), volune (issue), page numbers

Book reference-Author,date,book title (italics), place of publication, publisher

Web reference-source,date,title,
Web link,date accessed

63
Q

Types or data

A

Nominal data-numbers
Ordinal data-Data put in order and position ranked
Interval data-Data ordered but there’s equal intervals between points

64
Q

Improving reliability

A

Test retest-Same test to the same people on different occasions, sufficient time between, used with interview, questionnaires

Inter observer reliability-checking observers are rating the same way,use correlations, used for observations interviews

65
Q

Different types of validity

A

External-extent results can be applied to situations
Internal-extent which what’s being tested is not influenced by other factors
Temporal-validity of findings in relation to time progressing
Ecological-measure how test performance predicts real behaviour
Face-whether a test measures what it’s supposed to measure

66
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Mean - sensitive, includes all scores but easily distorted by extreme values
Median - Not affected by extremes, less sensitive
Mode - Only measure appropriate for categorical data, not representative

67
Q

Measures of dispersion

A

Range- Easy to calculate, Influenced by outliers
Standard deviation- more precise than range, distorted by extreme values

68
Q

Case studies evaluation

A
  • +Offeres detailed insight into atypical behaviour
  • +Generate hypothesis for future study
  • -Reseacher bias, Subjective conclusions
  • -Difficult to generalise results due to small sample
69
Q

Content analysis

A

Analyse qualitative data and convert it to quantitative data
Information categorised into meaningful units to produce quantitative data
Thematic analysis produces qualitative data by identifying themes

70
Q

Content analysis Evaluation

A
  • +Material in public domain, no ethical issues
  • +High external validity
  • -Communication studied out of context, reduce validity
  • -Lack objectivity, bias reduces validity
71
Q

Type 1 and type 2 errors

A

Type 1
False positive, null hypothesis falsely rejected, claims to find significant difference

Type 2
False negative, null hypothesis wrongly accepted, accept alternative

Psychology (7 decks)

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