Research Methods Flashcards
What are types of cultural research?
3pts
Validation studies, Cross-cultural comparison studies, Indigenous cultural studies (of the local context/specific to that area or context)
What are stages of the research process?
4pts
- Conceptualization/study design
- Data collection
- Data analysis
- Conclusion
What are two comparative research designs?
2pts
- Unpackaging studies
- Experiments
What are unpackaging studies?
4pts
All connected in a triangle:
Variable A: group 1 vs 2 –> Context variable –> Variable B: Behavior
Examples of context variables:
- Self-construal (how people view the self)
- Personality
- Climate
The only way to infer causality is through manipulating a variable to observe its effects on another variable.
What comparative research design is this?
What is priming?
Experiments
Priming: Manipulating the mindset of participants to measure differences in behavior (inducing a specific way of being or doing)
What is conceptual bias?
Give an example.
3pts
When the meaning of a construct or concept being tested is not equivalent across cultures
Basically, difference in meaning/definition across cultures
Ex- definition of “intelligence” applied and measured across cultures
What is procedural bias?
When the process of conducting a study is perceived differently across cultures/groups
What is measurement bias?
When measures/instruments do not perform similarly across cultures and therefore do not measure a construct in a similar/equivalent way
Present when participants have a systematic tendency to respond in a certain way to items or scales.
What type of bias is this?
What are some examples/types?
5pts
Response bias
Types of response bias:
- Socially desirable responding
- Acquiescence bias (“yea- sayers”)
- Moderacy/extremity bias
- Reference group effect
Present when some cultures are relatively more concerned about making oneself look good than others.
What type of response bias is this?
What’s a potential solution?
2pts
- Socially desirable responding
Solution: Avoid asking participants to report about themselves
Present when some cultures are more likely to agree with a statement, independent of its content.
What type of response bias is this?
What’s a potential solution?
Acquiescence bias
Solution: Avoid agree/disagree items or include reverse-scored items (reversing the way things are asked)
Present when some cultures are more or less likely to use the extreme ends of the scale than others
What type of response bias is this?
What’s a potential solution?
Moderacy/extremity bias
Solution: Use a forced-choice format (agree/disagree no strongly agree/disagree)
Present when participants implicitly compare themselves to others in their surroundings
What type of response bias is this?
What’s a potential solution?
Reference group effect
Solution: use objective, concrete measures by using specific questions, measuring quantitative responses, or obtaining behavioral/physiological measures
Present when conclusions drawn from data lack nuance, justification, or objectivity.
What type of bias is this?
Interpretation bias
What are the 5 types of bias?
- Conceptual
- Procedural/method
- Measurement
- Response
- Interpretational
What are two concerns in cross cultural research?
2pts
Equivalence and bias
