Enculturation, Socialization & Development Flashcards
What is enculturation/socialization?
Enculturation is the process by which..
Is it a unidirectional process?
3pts
The process by which we learn and internalize the rules and patterns of the culture/society in which we live
Enculturation is the process by which “universal brains develop into culturally variable minds”
Enculturation is not a unidirectional process- its a dynamic interchange between the individual and the many socialization agents with whom they interact
What are socialization agents?
Give examples.
4pts
Any entity that helps to ensure that socialization/enculturation occurs
Ex- people, institutions, organizations
The individual is situated in an environmental context.
What type of perspective is this?
Ecological perspective for understanding human development
Bidirectional relationship in which individuals influence one another’s behaviours.
What type of influence is this?
Transactional influence
Microsystem: “micro” = BLANK
Mesosystem: “meso” = BLANK
Exosystem: “exo” = BLANK
Macrosystem: “macro” = BLANK
Chronosystem: “chrono” = BLANK
Microsystem: “micro” = small
Mesosystem: “meso” = intermediate
Exosystem: “exo” = outside
Macrosystem: “macro” = large
Chronosystem: “chrono” = time
Parental belief systems that guide parenting practices and behaviours
Parental ethnotheories
What are the 5 Grusec and Davidov’s (2010) domains of parenting (universal across cultures)?
What can culture differ in, in terms of these domains?
7pts
- Protection
- Control
- Reciprocity
- Guided learning
- Group participation
Cultures can differ in:
- The degree to which each domain is emphasized
- The manner in which each domain is successfully achieved
Individaul differences influence how cultural information is:
3pts
perceived, interpreted, and evaluated
Individuals are BLANK simply BLANK receptables of culture
not, passive
What is a key enculturation agent?
Education
What is a phoneme?
Give an example
2pts
A sound contrast that changes meaning
Example- dog vs bog
In western contexts, infants spend more time… with their mothers
In other context infants are in
- face-to-face
- closer proximity to caregivers and experience greater physical contact/direction
Which of the Bronfenbrenner systems is culture apart of?
Macrosystem (large)
Protest departure of caregiver, but readily comforted by return of caregiver upon reunion; returns to exploring the environment.
What attachment style is this?
Secure
Appear indifferent to separation from caregiver and/or ignores caregiver upon reunion, but physiological measures show these children are highly distressed nonetheless.
What attachment style is this?
Insecure-avoidant
Highly exaggerated distress upon separation or failure to separate; not readily comforted by return of parent.
What attachment style is this?
Insecure resistant/ambivalent
The extent to which a caregiver responds promptly and appropriately to the child’s cues.
What is this and what does it determine?
Caregiver sensitivity- determines attachment
